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Behavior Disorders
Midterm prep
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychological disorder | Abnormal cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning |
| Scientist practitioner | The dominant model of training in Psychology |
| Phobia | An intense irrational fear on a specific thing or situation |
| Clinical description | Details on behaviors, feelings, and thoughts of an individual that make up a disorder |
| Prevalence | Measures the total existing number of disorders in a population at any given time |
| Incidence | The new number of cases for a certain disorder within a specific time range |
| Acute | Develops sudden and is often short lived |
| Insidious | Develops gradually over time |
| Prognosis | The likely outcome of a disorder |
| Etiology | The cause of a disorder |
| Psychoanalysis | Therapy that helps people uncover unconscious feelings, emotions, and conflicts |
| Hysteria | An outdated term for a psychological disorder with physical symptoms |
| Behaviorism | Psychological approach focused on observing behavior and learning |
| Catharsis | An emotional release that relieves psychological tension |
| Psychoanalytic theory | Theory that unconscious motives and conflicts drive human behavior |
| Id | Unconscious part of personality driven by self-interest and instinctual urges |
| Ego | Rational part of personality that mediates the superego and Id |
| Superego | Moral conscience, incorporates societal rules and parental standards |
| Intrapsychic conflicts | Internal struggles between the Id, superego, and ego |
| Multidimensional integrative approach | Interdisciplinary, draws information from several sources. Abnormal behavior results from multiple influences |
| Genes | DNA that carries instruction for development, functioning, and traits of a living organism |
| Genotype | Genetic makeup of an organism |
| Phenotype | Characteristics that result from interaction of the genotype with the environment |
| Reciprocal gene- environment model | Outcomes are a result of interactions between genetic vulnerabilities and experience |
| Diathesis-stress model | Genetic vulnerability that’s activated by stressful life events |
| Central nervous system | Brain and spinal cord ex. Process decisions like moving your hand off a hot stove |
| Peripheral nervous system | Somatic and Autonomic branches |
| Epigenetics | Environmental influences that may override genetics |
| Neuroscience | The role of the nervous system in disease and behavior |
| Neuron | Nerve cell that transmits signals between brain and nervous system |
| Synaptic cleft | Small gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters transmit signals from one another |
| Neurotransmitters | Are the chemical messengers, transmits messages between brain cells |
| Brainstem | Contains hindbrain, midbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus |
| Forebrain | Contains limbic system, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex |
| Hippocampus | Brain structure involved in forming, organizing, and storing memories, specifically long-term Helps you remember past long-term events like the first day of school. |
| Clinical Assessment | Systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in individuals that present with a possible psychological disorder |
| Reliability | Consistency in measurement |
| Validity | What an assessment measures and how will it does. |
| Standardization | Ensures Consistency in the use of a technique |
| Clinical Interview | Most common clinical assessment method, conversation to gather information for diagnosis and treatment |
| Mental Status Exam | Structured assessment of a patient’s appearance, behavior, thought process, cognition, and insight |
| Behavioral Assessment | Observing and measuring a person’s behavior |
| Projective Test | Psychological test that uses ambiguous stimuli to uncover emptions and internal conflicts |
| Objective Test | Psychological test that uses standardized questions with fixed response options |
| Personality Test | An assessment that measures personality traits and patterns |
| Intelligence Test | Test designed to measure intellect in individuals |
| Neuropsychological Test | Tests that assess cognitive functioning and detect brain dysfunction |
| Classical Categorical Approach | A method of diagnosis where each disorder is seen as a separate category with a clear criterion |
| Psychophysiological | Study of the physiological responses like heart rate |
| Dimensional Approach | Diagnostic approach where disorders exist on a continuum or scale |
| Prototypical Approach | Identifying essential features of a disorder and allowing for variations |
| Anxiety | An emotional state characterized by worry, tension, and physical symptoms like elevated blood pressure/heart rate. |
| Fear | An immediate alarm reaction to a perceived threat |
| Panic attack | A sudden episode of intense anxiety that peaks within minutes, shortness of breath, dizziness, sweating, heart palpitations |
| Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) | A brain system that responds to signals of punishment or non-reward novelty by inhibiting behavior and increasing attention or adrenaline |
| Fight/flight system (FFS) | Biological system that activates in response to danger, preparing the body for either confrontation or an escape route |
| Comorbidity | The presence of two or more disorders in the same individual |
| Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | Excessive, uncontrollable worry about various events in either past present or future. Usually persists for more days than not for at least 6 months |
| Agoraphobia | Fear or avoidance or situations where an escape might be difficult or help unavailable in the event of panic |
| Panic disorder (PD) | Recurrent unexpected panic attacks with the persistent fear of having more panic attacks |
| Phobia | An irrational intense fear usually of a specific object or situation |
| Specific phobia | A subtype of phobia focused on a particular object or situation |
| Situational phobia | An intense fear tied to specific situations like elevators, tunnels, airplanes |
| Separation anxiety disorder | Excessive fear or anxiety about being separated from attachment figures |
| Social anxiety disorder | Intense fear of social or performance situations where one might be judged or embarrassed |
| Selective mutism | Consistent failure to speak in certain situations despite being able to speak to others |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | A disorder that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event |
| Acute stress disorder | Similar to PTSD but usually only occurs within 3 days to a month after trauma |
| Adjustment disorder | Emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a stressor, appearing within 3 months of the event |
| Attachment disorder | Disorders that arise from severe neglect or disrupted attachment in early childhood |
| Reactive attachment disorder | A disorder marked by emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers |
| Disinhibited social engagement disorder | A pattern of overly familiar behavior with strangers due to early social neglect |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | A disorder with persistent obsession and compulsions that interfere with their daily life |
| Obsessions | Intrusive unwanted thoughts or urges that causes distress |
| Compulsions | Repetitive behaviors or mental acts preformed to reduce anxiety from obsessions |
| Hoarding disorder | Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their value due to the perceived need to save them |
| Body dysmorphic disorder | A preoccupation with a perceived flaw in physical appearance often not noticeable to others |
| Trichotillomania | A disorder involving recurrent hair pulling resulting in noticeable hair loss |
| Excoriation | Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions often to relieve anxiety or tension |
| Somatic symptom disorder | Mental disorder characterized by excessive focus on physical symptoms that cause stress even when no medical reason is found |
| Illness anxiety disorder | Persistent fear of having or developing a serious illness despite little or no physical symptoms |
| Conversion disorder | Neurological symptoms that can’t be explained by medical conditions usually triggered by psychological stress |
| Factitious disorder | A mental disorder where a person intentionally fakes or induces symptoms or illness to gain attention or sympathy |
| Derealization | A feeling that the world around you are unreal, dreamlike, or distorted |
| Depersonalization | A sense of being detached from oneself, as if watching yourself outside your body |
| Depersonalization derealization disorder | Disorder persistent or recurring experiences of both depersonalization and derealization that causes distress or impairment |
| Dissociative amnesia | Inability to recall important personal information, usually related to struma or stress not due to a medical condition |
| Generalized amnesia | A rare form on dissociative amnesia involving a complete loss of memory for one’s entire life history |
| Localized or selective amnesia | Memory loss specific to a particular event |
| Dissociative fugue | A type of dissociate amnesia, where a person suddenly travels away from home, assumes a new identity, and has no memory of their past |
| Dissociative identity disorder (DID) | A disorder characterized by two or more distinct identity states that control behavior at different times with memory gaps |
| Dissociative trance disorder | A rare disorder involving trance like state with a loss of awareness of surroundings or identity often influenced by cultural or spiritual beliefs |
| Alters | Distinct personality states in a person with DID each its own pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving |
| False memories | Memories of events that either never happened or are distorted from the actual event, often unintentionally created through suggestion or trauma |
| Mood disorders | Mental health conditions that affect a person’s emotional state |
| Major depressive episode | A period of at least two weeks where a person experiences poor mood or loss of interest in most things along with symptoms of fatigue or suicidal thoughts |
| Mania | An abnormally elevated mood, energy, and activity levels |
| Manic episode | A period of at least two weeks of elevated or irritable mood with increased energy, severe enough to cause hospitalization |
| Hypomanic episode | A smaller form of mania, lasts at least 4 days, and not severe enough to cause hospitalization |
| Mixed features | Symptoms of depression and mania occurring at the same time |
| Major Depressive Disorder | Characterized by one or more depressive episodes without a history of mania/hypomania |
| Persistent depressive disorder | Chronic form of depression that could last for years |
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder | Severe form of PMS where emotional and physical symptoms interfere with daily life |
| Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder | Childhood condition involving severe temper tantrums and chronic irritability |
| Bipolar I disorder | Involves at least one manic episode, followed by several depressive episodes |
| Bipolar II disorder | Involves at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode |
| Cyclothymic disorder | Chronic mood disorder with milder symptoms of hypomania and depression for a few years |
| Neurotransmitter system | The network of brain chemicals that regulate mood, sleep, and other functions |
| Endocrine system | The hormone system of the body that can affect mood |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | A class of antidepressants that increase serotonin in the brain |
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitors | Older class of antidepressants that block the enzyme breaking down neurotransmitters |
| Lithium | A mood stabilizer used mainly to treat bipolar disorder |
| Mixed reuptake inhibitors | Antidepressants that affect more than one neurotransmitter |
| Tricyclic antidepressant | An older class of antidepressants with more side effects than SSRIs |
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | A procedure where small electric currents are passed through the brain often used for severe depression |
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation | Noninvasive treatment using magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain |
| Suicidal ideation | Thinking about, considering or planning suicide |
| Behavioral medicine | Professional field that combines medicine and psychology and focuses on how behavior impact physical health |
| Health psychology | Subfield of psychology that studies how behavioral factors influence health or illnesses |
| Leukocytes | White blood cells that defend the body against infections and disease |
| Self-efficacy | A person’s belief in their ability to succeed in a specific task |
| Autoimmune disease | A condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own healthy cells |
| Psychoneuroimmunology | The study on how psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system interact |
| AIDS | A disease caused by HIV that severely weakens the immune system making the body vulnerable to infections or certain cancers |
| Psycho-oncology | Study of the psychological, social, and behavioral aspects of cancer |
| Hypertension | Chronic medical condition where blood pressure is persistently elevated |
| Coronary heart disease | Disease caused by buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries reducing blood flow to the heart |
| Type A behavior pattern | Personality pattern characterized by competitiveness, impatience, hostility, and high stress levels |
| Type B behavior pattern | Personality pattern that is more relaxed, patient, and easy going |
| Acute pain | Short term pain that usually results from an injury of surgery and subsides as the body heals |
| Chronic fatigue | Persistent long-term tiredness that doesn’t improve with rest and has no clear cause |
| Biofeedback | Technique that teaches people to control bodily processes by using electric monitoring |
| Bulimia nervosa | Eating disorder that is repeated episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting |
| Binge-eating disorder | Recurrent episodes of eating large amounts of food in one sitting but does not involve compensatory behaviors like vomiting |
| Anorexia nervosa | An eating disorder that restricts a person’s food intake leading to physical changes, poor health and a distorted body image |
| Cognitive behavioral therapy | A type of psychotherapy that helps individuals recognize and change negative thought patterns or behaviors that cause problems |
| Obesity | A medical condition diagnosed by the BMI of a person, characterizes someone who has excessive body fat usually contributing to health problems |
| Dyssomnias | Category of sleep disorders that involves trouble getting to sleep, staying asleep, or not being able to get up |
| Parasomnias | Abnormal behaviors or dreams that occur while the person is either falling asleep, fully asleep, or waking up |
| Insomnia disorder | Consistent trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up |
| Hypersomnolence disorder | Excessive sleepiness despite getting enough sleep or more than enough, the last couple nights. Usually causes problems in daily functioning |
| Narcolepsy | A neurological disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks during the day and even muscle weakness at sudden moments |
| Microsleeps | Brief uncontrollable episodes of sleep that usually only last a few seconds. Occurs more in those that are fatigued |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | Sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops throughout the night due to throat muscles relaxing and blocking a person’s airway |
| Central sleep apnea | A disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts due to the brain failing to send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing |
| Sleep-related hypoventilation | Reduced breathing during sleep that leads to elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Somnambulism (sleepwalking) | Repeated episodes of getting up and walking around while still asleep |
| Sleep terrors | Episodes of intense fear during sleep, can result in screaming and panic without being fully awake with little memory of the event after waking up |
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