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Patrice Buckley
Physiology weeks 1-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define physiology and explain its relationship to anatomy | Physiology is the study of how the body's structure funtion. It is intriniscally linked to anatomy, as the structure of a body part dictates its function. |
| What is homeostasis? | Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment. |
| Describe the components of a feedback loop. | Receptor, control center and effector. |
| Whats the difference between positive and negative feedback. | Negative feedback reduces the original stimulus, while positive feedback amplifies it. |
| What are the main types of chemical bonds? | Ionic (transfer of electrons) Covalent (sharing of electrons) Hydrogen (weak attraction between polar molecules) |
| What are the properties of water that make it essential for like? | High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polarity/solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning. |
| Explain the difference between acids, bases, and salts. | Acids release ions in solutions, bases accept ions and salts are ionic compounds formed by the reaction of an acid and a base. |
| What is pH? Describe the pH scale. | pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. The pH scale ranges from 0-14, with 7 being neurtral, values below 7 b eing acidic, and values above 7 being alkaline. |
| What are the four major classes of organic molecules? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
| What are the major components of a cell? | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus |
| Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane | Structure: phospholid bilayer and embedded proteins. Function: controls what enters and exits the cell, provides a barrier, and facilitates cell communication. |
| What are the different types of membrane transport? | Passive (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion) - doesn't require energy. Active (primary and secondary active transport, vesicular transport) - requires energy (ATP) |
| Define diffusion and osmosis. | Diffusion is the movement of molecules form an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| What is the sodium-potassium pump? | It's an active transport protein that pumps Sodium ions out of the cell and Potassium ions into the cell. |
| What are the phases of the cell cycle? | Interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis) |
| Describe the events that occur during mitosis. | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, results in two identical daughter cells. |
| What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis? | DNA contains the genetic code that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein. |
| What are the four main types of tissues? | Epithelial (covering), connective (support), muscle (movement), and nervous (control) |
| What are the functions of epithelial tissue? | Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception. |
| What are the functions of connective tissue? | Binding and support, protection, insulation, transportation |
| What are the three types of muscle tissues? | Skeletal (voluntary movement) Smooth (involuntary movement of internal organs) Cardiac (heart contraction) |
| What are the two main types of cells in nervous tissue, and what are their function? | Neurons (transmit electrical signals) and neuroglia (support and protect neurons) |
| Describe the structure of a neuron. | Cell body (soma), dendrites (receive signals), axon (transmits signals), and axon terminals (release neurotransmitters). |
| What is the resting membrane potential? | The resting membrane potential is the voltage difference across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron. It is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump and ion leakage channels. |
| Explain the events that occur during an action potential. | Depolarization (influx of sodium ions) Repolarization (efflux of potassium ions) Hyperpolarization. |
| What is a synapse? | A synapse is the junction between two neurons. |
| What are neurotransmitters? | Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse. Examples: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin. |
| What are the main divisions of the nervous system? | Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). |
| What are the main functions of the central nervous system (CNS)? | Processing and coordinating sensory data and motor commands; higher functions, such as intelligence, memory and emotion. |
| What are the mian functions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? | Delivers sensory information to the CNS and carries motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems. |
Created by:
pBuckley