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BIOL 161 Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adipocytes | Lipid storage cells |
| Adipose tissue | Specialized areolar tissue rich in stored fat |
| Chondrocytes | Cells of the cartilage |
| Collagen fiber | Flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength |
| Connective tissue | Type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect and integrate the body’s organs and systems |
| Elastic fiber | Fibrous protein with connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size |
| Epithelial tissue | Type of tissue that serves primarily as a covering or lining of body parts, protecting the body; it also functions in absorption, transport, and secretion |
| Fibroblast | Abundant cell type in connective tissue, secretes protein fibers and matrix into the extracellular space |
| Hyaline cartilage | Most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulfate ground substance |
| Matrix | Extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers |
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium | Tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract |
| Simple columnar epithelium | Tissue that consists of a single layer of column-like cells; promotes secretion and absorption in tissues and organs |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium | Tissue that consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells; promotes secretion and absorption in ducts and tubules |
| Stratified columnar epithelium | Tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells, contains glands and is found in some ducts |
| Stratified cuboidal epithelium | Tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells, found in some ducts |
| Stratified squamous epithelium | Tissue that consists of multiple layers of cells with the most apical being flat scale-like cells; protects surfaces from abrasion |
| Tissue | Group of cells that are similar in form and perform related functions |
| Apocrine sweat gland | Type of sweat gland that is associated with hair follicles in the armpits and genital regions |
| Dermis | Layer of skin between the epidermis and hypodermis, composed mainly of connective tissue and containing blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures |
| Eccrine sweat gland | Type of sweat gland that is common throughout the skin surface; it produces a hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation |
| Epidermis | Outermost tissue layer of the skin |
| Hypodermis | Connective tissue connecting the integument to the underlying bone and muscle |
| Integumentary system | Skin and its accessory structures |
| Keratin | Type of structural protein that gives skin, hair, and nails its hard, water-resistant properties |
| Keratinocyte | Cell that produces keratin and is the most predominant type of cell found in the epidermis |
| Melanin | Pigment that determines the color of hair and skin |
| Melanocyte | Cell found in the stratum basale of the epidermis that produces the pigment melanin |
| Melanoma | Type of skin cancer that originates from the melanocytes of the skin |
| Papillary layer | Superficial layer of the dermis, made of loose, areolar connective tissue |
| Reticular layer | Deep layer of the dermis; it has a reticulated appearance due to the presence of abundant collagen and elastin fibers |
| Sebaceous gland | Type of oil gland found in the dermis all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair by secreting sebum |
| Sebum | Oily substance that is composed of a mixture of lipids thay lubricate the skin and hair |
| Stratum basale | Deepest layer of the epidermis, made of epidermal stem cells |
| Stratum corneum | Most superficial layer of the epidermis |
| Stratum granulosum | Layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum spinosum |
| Stratum lucidum | Layer of the epidermis between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum, found only in thick skin covering the palms, soles of the feet, and digits |
| Stratum spinosum | Layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum basale, characterized by the presence of desmosomes |
| Articulation | Where two bone surfaces meet |
| Bone | Hard dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton |
| Compact bone | Dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces |
| Diaphysis | Tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone |
| Endosteum | Delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity |
| Epiphyseal plate (growth plate) | Sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaces by bone tissue as the organ grows in length |
| Epiphysis | Wide section at each end of a long bone: filled with spongy bone and red marrow |
| Flat bone | Thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs |
| Fracture | Broken bone |
| Hematopoiesis | Production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones |
| Irregular bone | Bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces |
| Long bone | Cyliner-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever |
| Medullary cavity | Hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow |
| Ossification (osteogenesis) | Bone formation |
| Osteoblast | Cell responsible for forming new bone |
| Osteoclast | Cell responsible for resorbing bone |
| Osteocyte | Primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix |
| Osteogenic cell | Undifferentiated well with high miotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts |
| Osteon (Haversian system) | Basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix |
| Periosteum | Fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments |
| Red marrow | Connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place |
| Remodeling | Process by which osteoclasts resorb old and damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed |
| Sesamoid bone | Small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces |
| Short bone | Cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion |
| Skeletal system | Organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection |
| Spongy bone | Trabeculated osseous tissue thaty supports shifts in weight distribution |
| Yellow marrow | Connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored |
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