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Stack #4551253
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Total protein | is measured by the biuret method that measures protein bonds |
| Haptoglobin | is decreased in hemolytic anemia |
| Immunoglobulins | is the only proteins not synthesized by the liver |
| Albumin | is the highest charged (most negative) and fastest moving protein in serum protein electrophoresis |
| Identified by immunofixation electrophoresis | Monoclonal gammopathy, Bence Jones protein |
| Prealbumin | Used to asses nutrition state |
| Two statistical values used to measure the precision of an assay | SD and CV |
| Calculated to gauge the agreement between the results of two methods | The correlation coefficient, or "r" |
| The volume unit for 100 milliliters | Deciliter or dL |
| Add 1 ml serum to 2 ml saline | How to make a 1:3 dilution |
| Add 50ul of serum to 450 ul of diluent | How to make a 1:10 dilution |
| A 1:2 dilution of a 1:10 diluion | A 1:20 dilution |
| 400-700 nm | The wavelength of visible light |
| A=2-log%T | THe mathematical relationship between absorbance and transmittance of light |
| Used to solve for the concentration of an unknown when the reaction follows Beer's Law | Cu/Au = Cs/As |
| Diffraction grating | Part of the monochromator used to produce monochromatic light. |
| Had a detector at a 90 degree angle to the light source, measures scattered light | Nephelometer |
| Fluorometry | The analytical technique where the emitted light is at a lower energy, or lower wavelength, than the absorbed light |
| The median of a set of data points | The value that divides a data set into 2 groups containing equal numbers of points |
| Mathematical measure of the precision of an assay | Standard deviation |
| The SD expressed as percentage of the mean | Coefficient of variation |
| CV = (SD/Mean) x 100 | The formula for the coefficient of variation |
| Unassayed controls | The values are determined by the lab through repetitive analysisi |
| How close a result is to the true value | Accuracy |
| Random error | Causes imprecision in testing results |
| The range of values through which a calibration curve is a straight line | Linearity |
| Internal quality control | Measures the daily precision and accuracy of testing |
| Range of values that 95% of normal patients will fall in | Reference range |
| In a Gaussian curve the percentage of values that will fall within 1SD of the mean | 68% |
| A set of rules using error detection using daily QC values | Westgard Rules |
| The level at which action must be taken using Westgard Rules | 2SD |
| Two consecutive values outside 2SD on the same side of the mean | Violation of the 2 2SD Rule, the run must be rejected |
| The name given to a group of conditions linked by a patient's inability to produce and/or utilize insulin | diabetes mellitus |
| Type 1 diabetics are unable to produce what hormonw? | insulin |
| Percentage of diabetes causes that are type 1 | 5% |
| The form of hyperglycemia seen in some pregnant women | gestational diabetes |
| Symptoms include headache, anxiety, sweating, and consufion | hypoglycemia |
| Hemoglobin A!c, also called glycohemoglobin, is a measure of the average amount of glucose present in the blood over what length of time? | 2-3 months |
| The storage form of glucose in the liver | glycogen |
| Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources | gluconeogenesis |
| Conversion of glucose to glycogen | glycogenesis |
| Conversion of glucose to lactate or pyruvate | glycolysis |
| Glucose levels that ______ over time and become chronically elevated my not be initially noticed by the patient. | rise |
| Gestational diabetes occurs early in pregnancy and is screen for _______. | Between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation |
| Gestational diabetes can cause _. | premature birth |
| Gestational diabetes usually subsides after ______. | birth |
| Women with gestational diabetes and their babies are at an increased risk for developing ________. | type 2 diabetes |
| Normal fasting glucose | 70-100 mg/dL |
| Random glucose values diagnostic for diabetes | >200 mg/dL |
| Value glucose should be 20hours PP in a non-diabetic person | 100-12 mg/dL |
| Glucosuria maybe present if plasma glucose values are above this level | >180 mg/dL |
| A glucose value that is false because the specimen was drawn above the IV of a patient reviving glucose by infusion. | 1045 mg/dL |
| Glucose values associated with hypoglycemia | less that 65-70 mg/dL |
| Range of fasting glucose values that represent pre-diabetes | 100-126 mg/dL |
| Ketones are produced leading to metabolic acidosis, Electrolyte imbalance is present with very low CO2 values due to rapid breathing, Fats are used for energy, insulin values are very low | Type 1 |
| A nonketonic hypermolar state is produced, Extreme dehydration does not allow glucose to be eliminated, Insulin values are very high, but insulin in not effective in moving glucose into cells | Type 2 |
| The reference method for glucose measurement is: | hexokinase |
| The method for glucose measurement that is the most specific and is not subject to being falsely decreased by ascorbic acid or uric acid is what? | hexokinase |
| Glucose values are lower by 15% in what? | whole blood |
| Hb A1c values are dependent of the life span of what? | RBCs |
| Kidney, nerve, and eye damage is caused by: | Complications of diabetes |
| Glycogen is | the storage form of glucose in the liver |
| Test that measures that average amount of glucose present in the blood over the past 3 months | Hemoglobin A1c |
| Conversion of glucose to lactate or pyruvate | Glycolysis |
| Glucagon, epinephrine, ACTH, cortisol, growth hormone, thyroxine (T4) | Hormones that can increase blood glucose values |
| Fasting glucose > 126 mg/dL and casual glucose 200 mg/dL | Two criteria that can be used to diagnose diabetes |
| Creatinine Clearance normal range | 72-140 ml/min/1.73m(2) |
| Uric acid normal range | 2.6 - 6.0 mg/dL |
| BUN normal range | 6- 20 mg/dL |
| Ammonia normal range | 11.35 umol/L |
| Creatinine in males normal range | 0.6-1.1 mg/dL |
| If correct procedures are not adhered to in the preanalytical phase of testing for ammonia, ammonia values will be falsely ____? | increased |
| _____________ can not be performed on serum specimens. | Ammonia levels |
| Short samples, or under filled vacutainers, are not acceptable for ______________. | ammonia analysis |
| Specimens for ammonia analysis must be place immediately on _______ following collection. | ice |
| Plasma for ammonia determinations must be spun down in a refrigerated centrifuge within ___________of collection and analyzed immediately | 20 minutes |
| Cigarette smoking can ________ ammonia values | elevate |
| An increased serum level of ____ is associated with decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). | creatinine |
| An elevated BUN without an elevation of creatinine indicates ______ disease | non-renal |
| The traditional method for the chemical measurement of creatinine. | Jaffe method |
| Elevations of creatinine are specific for renal function because unlike BUN, creatinine is _______ by the tubules. | not reabsorbed |
| Prerenal cause of increased BUN value | decreased blood flow |
| Renal cause of increased BUN value | acute and chronic renal failure |
| Postrenal cause of increased BUN value | Urinary tract infection |
| The most common cause of increased urea or BUN in the blood. | congestive heart failure |
| Compound that comprises the majority of nonprotein-nitrogen fractions in serum | Urea |
| Urea | The major excretory product of protein metabolism |
| The concentration of which of the following proteins will most likely decrease in association with an acute inflammatory condition? | Albumin |
| What method is routinely used to determine the total concentration of proteins in serum or plasma specimens? | Biuret reaction |
| Which compound constitutes the majority of non-protein nitrogens substances in the blood? | Urea |
| In humans, uric acid is the final product of: | Purine metabolism |
| A factor, other than average plasma glucose values, that can affect the HbA1c level is: | Red blood cell life span |
| Hemoglobin A1c represents: | glycosylation of valine in the polypeptide N-terminus of normal adult hemoglobin |
| The range of linearity for the procedure is 30 mg/dl-350 mg/dl. The glucose result for is 20 mg/dl and 610 mg/dl.How should the 20 mg/dl value be handled? How should the 610 mg/dl value be handled? dilute, rerun, and report if within linearity | Report as <30mg/dL and dilute, return and report if within linearity |
| Which is the anticoagulant of choice for glucose testing when analysis is not performed promptly? | sodium fluoride |
| Clinically significant hypoglycemia is classified by what plasma glucose level? | <54 mg/dL |
| Hypoglycemia may result in which of the following symptoms? | Confusion, coma, seizures |
| What does a low creatinine clearance value indicate? | poor kidney function |
| What is the formula used to calculate creatinine clearance? | Urine creatinine concentration x urine volume / plasma creatinine concentration |
| What test uses the Jaffe reaction | Creatinine |
| the coupling of 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP), 2-Hydroxy-3-5 Dichloro-benzenesulfonate (HDCBS), and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of peroxidase to yield a chromagen measured at 520nm. | Uric Acid |
| Urea is hydrolyzed by urease to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide. The liberated ammonia reacts with alpha-ketoglutarate with NADH to yield glutamate. An equimolar quantity of NADH undergoes oxidation during the reaction, decrease in absorbance | BUN |
| Creatinine | 0.8 – 1.2 mg/dL is the reference range for what? |
| Uric acid | 3.5-7.2 mg/dL is the reference range for what? |
| BUN | 6 – 20 mg/dL is the reference range for what? |
| ______________ is used to describe the range of analyte values that a method can directly measure on the specimen without any dilution, concentration, or other pretreatment not part of the usual assay process. | Analytical Measuring Range (AMR) |
| If kidney function is abnormal, creatinine levels: | increase |
Created by:
dan2087201