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bio - cell membrane
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cholesterol in membrane | stabilizes membrane fluidity across temperature changes |
| peripheral membrane proteins | lack a hydrophobic group so it is not embedded in the bilayer and remains on surface |
| integral membrane proteins | proteins that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane |
| trans-membrane proteins | a protein that goes from one side of a membrane through to the other side of the membrane (channels) |
| aquaporin | water channel protein in a cell |
| passive transport | Requires NO energy, moves with the concentration gradient from high to low concentration |
| active transport | Energy-requiring process that moves against the concentration gradient from low to high concentration |
| simple diffusion (passive transport) | nonpolar, small, lipid-soluble substances diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer. (Solids Only) |
| facilitated diffusion (passive transport) | movement of polar, large molecules across a membrane via channel or carrier proteins |
| osmosis (passive transport) | diffusion of water --> water wants to move where there is less water and more solute |
| water potential | predicts where water will flow based on the solute potential and pressure potential, the more negative the water potential the more water wants to go there |
| solute potential | decreases as the concentration of a solute increases --> the more negative the value, the more water wants to go there |
| hypertonic | higher solute concentration outside cell |
| isotonic | Equal solute concentration inside and outside cell |
| hypotonic | smaller solute concentration outside cell |
| crenation | animal cells in hypertonic (shrivel) |
| cytolisis | animal cells in hypotonic (burst) |
| plasmolysis | plant cell in hypertonic (shrivel) |
| good turgor pressure | plant cell in hypotonic solution |
| ion channels | channel proteins that transport ions |
| gated channels | A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus. |
| ligand-gated channels | A chemical messenger, or ligand, attaches to a specific binding site on the protein channel, and the binding of the ligand causes the protein to change its shape, opening the channel's "gate". |
| voltage-gated channels | open and close in response to changes in a membrane's electrical voltage |
| primary active transport | direct hydrolysis of ATP for energy to move against the concentration gradient |
| secondary active transport | uses potential energy stored in the concentration gradient from primary active transport to push other molecules against their concentration gradient |
| phagocytosis | endocytosis (cellular eating) --> membrane engulfs a macromolecule, virus, or bacteria |
| pinoytosis | endocytosis (cellular drinking) --> membrane takes in liquids |
| receptor endocytosis | Endocytosis initiated by macromolecule binding to a specific membrane receptor |
| signal transduction pathway | A signal or ligand (hormone or neurotransmitter), binds to a receptor and then causes a cell reaction (transcription of a gene or turning on/off an enzyme) |
| autocrine signals | affect same cells and release them |
| paracrine signals | diffuse to and affect nearby cells ex: neurons and released neurotrans |
| juxtacrine signals | require direct contact between signaling and responding cell |
| hormones | travel to distant cells through bloodstream |
| allosteric | when a molecule binds to an enzyme changing the protein's shape |
| intracellular receptors | receptors located inside the cell rather than on its cell membrane like testosterone and estrogen |
| membrane receptors | specialized protein embedded in a cell's plasma membrane that transmits a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell. The binding of a ligand to its membrane receptor is almost always reversible |
| protein kinase receptors | the ligand binds to the receptor, phosphate is release from ATP, becomes ADP and a phosphorylated protein, it activates the kinase which sends signals for responses |
| G protein-linked receptors | ligands bind to a receptor which activates a G protein causing the release of a second messenger such as cyclic AMP ex: smell |
| cylic AMP | formed from ATP and acts as a second messenger to amplify a message aka relay molecule |
Created by:
lreynal