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Cognition
CognitionPACATReview
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Attention | How we select and focus on information while ignoring other stimuli |
| Selective Attention | Filtering relevant from irrelevant info (Cocktail Party Effect) |
| Divided Attention | Limits of Multitasking |
| Automatic Processing | Effortless, through practice and repetition |
| Controlled Processing | Requires conscious awareness |
| Broadbent’s Filter Model | Attention is an early filter that blocks unattended input before meaning is analyzed |
| Treisman’s Attenuation Model | Filter weakens unattended information(Attenuated like proteins)Cocktail Party Effect-can still hear name |
| Late Selection (Deutsch & Deutsch) | Selection after-All incoming information is processed for meaning and selection happens later |
| Inattentional | Attention focused elsewhere and fail to recognize unexpected object (Invisible Gorilla) |
| change blindness | fail to notice change in visual scenery when it occurs as brief interruption or distraction |
| Bottom up vs Top down processing | Data driven vs Concept Driven |
| Gestalt Principles | Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Continuity, Figure-ground |
| Proximity | Close together perceived as a group |
| Similarity | Look alike grouped together |
| Closure | Fill in gaps |
| Continuity | Perceive smooth and continuous patterns |
| Figure-ground | separate figure and background |
| Pattern recognition | How we recognize new objects |
| Template matching | Recognize objects by comparing them to memorized templates |
| Feature detection | Recognize objects by analyzing basic visual features rather than whole patterns |
| Prototype models | Recognize objects by comparing them to an idealized average representation of a category, not exact matches |
| Recognition by components (Biederman) | We recognize objects by breaking them down into simple 3D shapes called geons (coffee mug-cylinder and curved handle c shape) |
| Atkinson-Shiffrin Model (Multi-Store Model of Memory) | Sensory Memory –> STM -> LTM/Attention -> Encoding -> Rehearsal |
| Working Memory (Baddeley & Hitch) | short term processing/it actively manipulates info currently thinking about |
| Central Executive | Attention control |
| Phonological Loop | Verbal/auditory |
| Visuospatial sketchpad | Visual/spacial |
| Episodic buffer(working memory) | Combines verbal, visual, LT info into a coherent representation |
| LTM Types-Explicit | conscious recall (knowing that) |
| LTM Types-Implicit | without awareness (knowing how) |
| Forgetting-Decay | over time |
| Forgetting-Interference | when similar memories compete |
| Retroactive Interference | New interferes with old |
| Proactive Interference | old interferes with new |
| Retrieval Failiure | Fail to retrieve info from LTM |
| Serial Position Effect | better recall at beginning and end of list, Primacy/Recency |
| Levels of Processing (Craik & Lockhart) | Quality over quantity/Deep and Shallow |
| Structure of Language | Phonemes → morphemes → syntax → semantics → pragmatics |
| Behaviorist Language Theory (Skinner) | due to Reinforcement |
| Nativist Language Theory (Chomsky) | Innate LAD |
| Interactionist Language Theory | Social Influence |
| Broca’s area | Speech production and grammar, Frontal lobe |
| Wernicke’s area | Language comprehension, Temporal lobe “Wordy Wernicke” (Fluent but nonsense) |
| McGurk Effect | Speech perception multisensory (auditory and visual) |
| Whorf’s Linguistic Relativity | structure of language affects cognition and perception (how we think and perceive) |
| Heuristics | Mental Shortcuts |
| Availability Heuristics | judge likelihood of event based on how easily examples/instances come to mind |
| Representativeness Heuristics | based on past experience of events |
| Anchoring Heuristics | tendency to rely on initial piece of info when making judgements |
| Confirmation Bias | look for info that confirms beliefs and ignores conflicting info |
| Overconfidence Bias | overestimate ability to predict future events |
| Hindsight Bias | mistakes seem obvious looking at past |
| Functional Fixedness | tendency of people to see objects as only serving a traditional function |
| Mental Set | Approach problem in way it has worked in the past |
| Expected Utilities | All outcomes are evaluated with respect to one account |
| Prospect Theory (Kahneman & Tversky) | judge values based on gains and losses, not fully rational |
| Deductive Reasoning | General principles to specific conclusions, logically certain, Top Down (Upside down triangle) |
| Inductive Reasoning | Specific observations to general (“I see”), Probable, Bottom Up |
| Hippocampus | long term memory formation |
| Amygdala | emotional reaction and fear responses |
| Prefrontal Cortex | Executive functions, attention, reasoning |
| Left Hemisphere | Language, logic, analysis |
| Right Hemisphere | Spatial, creativity |
| Plasticity | Flexible and adaptive brain |
| Cognitive Maps (Tolman) | Internal spatial representations |
| Schemas (Barlett) | mental templates for understanding world |
| Observational Learning (Bandura) | watching and modeling |
| Experts | use chunking and organized knowledge |
| Novices | use surface features, trial and error |
| Eyewitness Memory | not good lol |
| Metacognition | Thinking about thinking |
| Dual-Process Theory | System one (intuitive) is fast, system 2 (analytical) is slow |
Created by:
katchcats