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PCA Ch. 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ___ in middle childhood have an earlier growth spurt, are shorter and lighter until about age 9, more flexible in the hips and back, and perform better in balance exercises than boys | girls |
| changes in body size from generation to the next | secular trend in physical growth |
| teeth tend to fall out at the rate of ___ teeth per year | four |
| the _____ matures in a generally back-to-front progression, with primary sensory areas and sensorimotor areas in the parietal and occipital lobes reaching peak size in early childhood and declining in size in late childhood | cortex |
| Areas governing executive functions, language, reading, reasoning, and social cognition in the ______ take longer to mature, and don't show declines in volume and surface area until adolescence | frontal and temporal lobes |
| the ____, which is involved in long-term memory formation and spatial memory, continues to increase in size by a small amount in early adolescence, before beginning a gradual decrease in size | hippocampus |
| regions of the brain that have stronger connectivity within networks than between networks; analysis of resting state fMRI is a technique first used with adults to identify ___- | large-scale functional neural networks |
| individual asked to perform task while lying still with head in MRI scanner; brain works and consumes O2; scanner detects small changes in proportion of O2 in blood vessels caused by cognitive effort on task; compared to baseline | task-based fMRI |
| a signal detected by fMRI that involves a rise in oxygen level in blood during cognitive effort | blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal |
| a procedure that measures fluctuations in oxygen use over a period of time, allowing the mapping of large-scale functional neural networks | resting state fMRI |
| active in object, letter, and face recognition | visual network |
| active when people are following a moving stimulus on a screen | dorsal attention network |
| activated when people are surprised by a new stimulus | ventral attention network |
| active during body movements | somatomotor network |
| includes structures that are inside the cortex and just barely visible at the bottom; comprises amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus; emotional processing, memory formation, hormonal functions and response initiation | limbic system |
| active when the participant is not engaged in a cognitive task; reflecting on past experiences, projecting future events, and thinking about other people's behavior and emotions | default mode network |
| active in executive functions and heavily engaged when people are solving any challenging task | fronto-parietal network |
| within-system connectivity ____ with age, between-system connectivity ____ | increases, decreases |
| a disorder defined in terms of two dimensions: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity | attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
| symptoms of ____: not paying close attention to details, difficulty organizing tasks, making careless mistakes, and failure to complete tasks | inattention |
| symptoms of ____: interrupting or intruding conversations, games, and other organized activities, and excessive locomotion, fidgeting, or talking | hyperactivity-impulsivity |
| The dynamic systems theory emphasizes changes in components such as ____ (coordination, flexibility, and strength), ____, ____, and ____ | movement capacities of the body, brain maturation, motivation, opportunities for practice |
| gaps favoring boys increase in adolescence because the process of puberty results in boys having more _____ and _____. They also have an advantage in ____ ability as a result of ____ | lean muscle mass, muscular force, throwing, more practice |
| Boys were better on average in ____ skills (throw and strike, catch and kick), whereas boys and girls were more nearly equal in ____ skills (vertical jump, side gallop, hop) | object manipulation, locomotor |
| practicing simple skills and then combining them into more complex skills | dynamic systems theory |
| hiking, biking, skateboarding, walking, running, rock climbing, martial arts, sports | moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic |
| climbing trees, lifting weights, playing on playground equipment | muscle strengthening |
| running, jumping rope, playing hopscotch, skipping, weight-bearing sports | bone strengthening |
| activity increases around ages _____ and declines in _____ | 7 to 9 (middle childhood), adolescence |
| three barriers to physical activity that include insufficient cardiovascular fitness, insufficient levels of muscle strength, and lack of knowledge or motivation to engage in physical activities | pediatric inactivity triad |
| levels of MVPA below recommended 60 min per day | exercise deficit disorder |
| child has insufficient levels of muscular strength and power, resulting in functional limitations that are not caused by neurological and muscular diseases | pediatric dynapenia |
| lack of confidence, competence, and motivation to engage in physical activities with interest and enthusiasm | physical illiteracy |
| it generally takes 10 years of intense and systematic practice to reach the expert level in any domain | 10-year rule |
| after the onset of deliberate practice, progress occurs at a rapid rate, but the rate of learning diminishes over time; the difference between highly skilled and expert levels of performance can be a matter of a few thousand hours of practice | the power law of practice |
| list reasons for the overall decline in physical activity | rise in hours of screen time, a decline in outdoor unrestricted play, a decline in the number of schools providing regular recess time, and fewer children and adolescents transporting themselves to and from places |
| engagement in deliberate practice over many years | affirms specialization of sports |
| early diversification of sports --> consistent performance, fewer injuries, avoid burn-out, maintain interest in sports longer | opposes specialization of sports |
| nearsightedness that occurs when variations in growth of the eye causes the lens to focus images in front of the retina instead of exactly on the retina; occurrence goes up steeply between ages 6 and 15 | myopia |
| theories of illness through observation of adults' behavior and explicitly taught rules | intuitive biology |
| second source of children's developing theories of illness, such as parents telling children to wear warm clothes to avoid catching a cold in cold weather | cultural learning |
| learn about scientific facts about illness | science education |
| excess body weight for a particular height and age based on a body mass index at the 85th percentile or higher | overweight |
| excess body weight for a particular height and age based on a BMI at the 95th percentile or higher | obesity |
| negative weight-related attitudes and beliefs toward individuals who are overweight or obese | weight bias |
| Body growth is slow and regular, with | children growing 2 inches and gaining 5 to 7 pounds annually |
| bones ____, muscles become _____ and increase in _____, and the face _____ | lengthen, flexible, strength, broadens |
| list two causes of childhood obesity (nature) | heredity and amount of fat cells (adipose tissues) |
| list six causes of childhood obesity (nurture) | availability of foods high in fat, energy-saving devices, declining physical activity, parents' eating habits and monitoring of children's eating habits, the context in which the child eats, and excessive screen time |
| three physical consequences of obesity | inhibits movement, exercise is uncomfortable and painful, asthma, diabetes, CVD |
| nine psychological and social consequences of obesity | Feeling unattractive, Stereotyping, Teasing, Social isolation, Depression, Emotional problems, School problems, Problem behaviors, Reduced life chances |
| treatment for obesity | family effort, whole community, slow down weight gain so height catches up (overweight), find an activity your kid likes, limiting screen time and consumption of unhealthy snacks, at least 26 hours of intensive intervention for several months |
| eight pros of sports | Socialization, Exercise, Discipline, Friendships, Teamwork, Coordination, Self-esteem, Learn how to compete |
| five cons of sports | Burn-out, Low self-esteem, Pressure to win, Physical injuries, Distraction from school |
| influences on the rate of overall physical growth (as measured by height) | nutrition, genetics, race or ethnicity |
| the surface area of the cortex expands in most areas until about | eleven years, followed by slight reductions in adolescence |
| grey matter volume increases until about | 5.9 years, followed by a slow decline in middle childhood and adolescence |
| the cortex steadily ____ throughout middle childhood | thins out |
| children with higher word reading scores had a ___ cortical surface area in the left hemisphere. | larger |
| Children with ADHD compared to typically developing children have | a delay in development of functional connectivity patterns but no difference for the primarily inattentive subtype |
| environmental variables with correlations and some casual influence on ADHD | social disadvantage such as living conditions of poverty, environmental lead exposure, prenatal exposure to acetaminophen |
| physical activity recommendations are for ___ days of moderate to vigorous activity for 1 hour per day along with muscle-strengthening exercises on at least ___ days a week | 7, 3 |
| Parents wanting their children to have an early positive experience in sports should look for which qualities in a prospective team, coach, or instructor? | An emphasis on skill learning and fun |
| difficulties in hearing are frequently due to | excess noise exposure |
| Poor-quality sleep is associated with | lower sustained attention, lower visual-motor coordination, and behavioral and emotional difficulties |
| most common source of mortality in middle childhood | car accidents |
Created by:
alumesi