Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Midterm Anth
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychic unity | -humans are innate being, with ability to learn cultures -blank slate, environments effect individuals -all human minds follow the same course of development |
| Darwin | -offspring with adaptive traits were naturally selected -progress is achieved through struggle and conflict -fitness is matter of reproduction |
| Spencer | -evolution is progressive -fitness as physically strong, intellectually clever, and financially prosperous -society evolved through natural processes of growth -things move from simple (most generalized) to the complex (least generalized) |
| Tylor | -psychic unity -single evolutionary pathway, proceeding toward increasing rationality |
| Monogenis | belief that all human races belonged to the same species and shared same evolution |
| polygensis | argued human races represented different and unequal species, used to justify slavery |
| Morgan | -evolutionary progress was propelled by flowering of germs of thought -germs of thought has not germinated equally in all societies -his goal is to outline the stages of cultural evolution, which is marked by changes in subsistence patterns |
| Marx and Engels | -feudalism, capitalism, and communism -all thought are product of cultural institutions rather than their cause -through labor, people create society and their nature |
| Historical particularism | -placing culture/history into context -society were created by their historical circumstances -focusing on specific histories of individual society |
| cultural relativism | societies were the result of their own unique histories -only through living with people and learning their language, one could develop accurate understanding of culture |
| Linguistic determinism | -manner in which structure of language affects cognition. -- -Grammatical and lexical categories of the language organizes the way the person thinks and shapes ones behavior |
| Linguistic relativity | -languages are the result of their history -no language can be ranked -speakers of different languages inhibit separate conceptual worlds |
| Benedict | -human as blank slates, their characteristics determined entirely by culture -humans are cultural beings whose ways of thinking are influenced by their cultural backgrounds |
| Mead | -behaviorism: theory of learning that proposes that all behaviors are acquired through process of conditioning in which actions are reinforced or punished -cultural explanations for human behavior -race and culture are not connected |
| Emilie Durkheim | Social solidarity as the result of force arising from participation in a shared system of beliefs and values that shaped and controlled individual behavior |
| collective conscience | originated from communal interactions and experiences of the member of a society |
| Mechanical solidarity | society that are simple and undifferentiated |
| organic solidarity | society that are complex and specialized |
| Marcel Mauss | -Gift giving as social fact -In primitive societies, presentation was typically part of political and social obligations, reflecting or expressing society’s underlying social structure |
| Max Weber | -Attempted to develop Marx thoughts on social class -Social class related to property ownership and control of the means of production -Ultimate base of social action is individual behavior and is best judged by whether the action is rational |
| Bronislaw Malinowski | -Culture institution functions to meet the basic physical and psychological needs of members of society -How individuals pursued their own ends within the constraints of their culture |
| Radcliffe-brown | -sought to understand how cultural institutions operated to maintain the equilibrium and cohesion of society -Society as composed of a series of institutions |
| Leslie white | -general evolutionary theory of culture -Culture as the means by which humans adopted to nature -Technology played primary role in social evolution and that changes in tech affected society’s institutions and value systems |
| Julian steward | Cultures in similar environments would tend to follow the same developmental sequences and formulate similar responses to their environmental challenges |
| Multilinear evolution | cultures could evolve in any number of distinct patterns depending on their environmental circumstances |
| cultural ecology | examination of cultural adaptations formulated by human beings to meet the challenges posed by their environment |
| George Peter Murdock | -Creation of HRAF, bank of ethnographic data indexed according to standardized categories -Allows researchers to conduct cross cultural analyses and test cultural hypotheses in wide variety of space |
| Ecological-materialist approach | Assumed that societies were homeostatic Cultural institutions functioned as feedback mechanisms to maintain balance between energy production & expenditure and productive capacity of environment |
| Marvin Harris | -Primacy of modes of production, reproduction, and infrastructure -Harris assumes that Indian veneration of cattle based in the realities of rural Indian agriculture |
| Ray Rappaport | -General laws of biological ecology could be used study human populations -Pigs for the ancestors: proposed that sacrifice of pigs was a feedback mechanism that regulated the ecological relationship between men, pigs, local food supplies, and warfare |
| Ethnoscience | -Different methodology for conducting fieldwork -Argued that anthropologists should attempt to reproduce cultural reality as it was perceived and lived by members of society -Description of culture to be couched in native thought |
| Cognitive Anthropology | -Closely related to psychology and neurology -Argued that people conceptualize by reference to general mental prototypes called schemas -Schemas are neurological pathways that human build through life experiences |
| Claude Levi Strauss | -Founded field of french structuralism -Begins with assumption that culture is product of the mind -To discover fundamental structures of human thought -To understand the unconscious structure of human mind -Binary opposition |
| Sherry Ortner | -Humans transcend and control nature through use of symbols -Through rituals that natural, dangerous and unacceptable are transformed into cultural, acceptable, and safe |
| Structuralism | -Cultural phenomena are the products of universal logical processes that organize human thought -Fundamental characteristics of human thought is to sort data into binary oppositions |
| Rosaldo | -In almost every part of the world, women are excluded from certain crucial economic or political activities -Hunting large animals often exclude women who must produce and care for children, making them constrained in their movements |
| Slocum | -critiques “Man the Hunter” -Slocum argues that longer periods of infant dependency, more difficult births, and longer gestation periods also demanded more skills in social organization and communication |
| Leacock | -Female subordination is universal of human society -Supports the assumption that primitive communal society was ultimately ordered by same constraints and compulsion that order class society |
| Primitive communism | early societies having communal living arrangements and possessing liberty and equality |
Created by:
user-1991628