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Unit 2.3
Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Photosynthesis | Captures suns energy and transforms it into chemical energy |
| Photosynthesis equation | Solar to Chemical 6CO2 +6H2O to C6H12O6 (reactants) (products) |
| Stomata | Small opening in a leaf that allows CO2, O2, and H2O vapor in and out |
| Chlorophyll | Pigment that absorbs solar E |
| Thylakoid | disc-like structure in chloroplasts where light reactions occur stacked and increased surface |
| autotroph | any organism that can make its own food with sunlight |
| Cuticle | waxy(lipid) layer that prevents excess water loss |
| Palisades | high collection + chloroplasts -lots of photosynthesis |
| Guard cells | regulates opening/closing of stoma |
| Grana | Set of thylakoids |
| Stroma | Space-site of Calvin cycle |
| Structure of Chloroplast (aka plastid) | Double membrane structure and contains chlorophyll + accessory pigment |
| Glucose (sugar) | Stored as starch or used in mitochondria to make ATP |
| Light Reactions | needs sunlight/H2O and water is split into H+ and O2 (photolysis), H+ ions develop a concin gradient that powers ATP production, and occurs in thylakoid |
| Light independent reactions (aka Calvin Cycle) | needs products of light reactions(ATP) and CO2, fix C from CO2 molecules of glucose, and occurs in stoma |
| C4 plants | use alternative enzyme called PEP to transfer/store CO2 in leaf tissue and move to Calvin cycle when needed EX. corn, sugar, etc |
| CAM plants | Takes in CO2 at night, convertsit to organic acids and releases it to the Calvin cycle during the day |
| Cellular Respiration | To release energy stored in food(glucose) and store it in molecules of ATP, which can then be used by cells |
| Cellular Respiration equation | chemical to chemical 6O2+C6H12O6 to 6CO2+6H2O+ATP |
| Heterotroph | organism that must obtain/consume other organisms for energy |
| Aerobic Respiration | with oxygen and produces the most ATP |
| Anaerobic Respiration | without oxygen(fermentation), lactic acid(animal cells), alcohol(yeast/bacteria), little bit of ATP |
| ATP | cellular energy molecule |
| Glycolysis | Step 1 of respiration, oldest metabolic pathway, and no O2 needed/process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate |
| Phosphate | high e bond |
| Adenosine Tri Phosphate(ATP) | nucleic acid, energy currency of cells, breaking of 3rd phosphate, release e to power cellular work |
| Is ATP regenerated? | yes |
| Why does the high energy phosphate break off and ATP turns into ADP? | The third phosphate releases the high energy bond to power cellular work |
| The mitochondria | contains DNA separate from nucleus, numerous cells with high E demands, and absent in RBC's |
| Aerobic Respiration step 1 | Glycolysis- cytoplasm is site, oxygen not needed, 2 ATP, breaks glucose down into pyruvate and turns into acety CoA and goes to the mitochondria |
| Aerobic Respiration step 2 | Krebs cycle- mitochondria in matrix, 2 ATP, acety CoA to CO2, NADH, FADH2, and last two grab and store electrons |
| Aerobic Respiration step 3 | ETC- in mitochondria in inner membrane(folds), 32-34 ATP, and H2O, NADH and FADH2 goes to and through protein carriers and as they go they give it energy by dropping electrons, at the end they join with an oxygen and combine with a hydrogen |
| Anaerobic Respiration step 1 | Glycolysis- pyruvate takes different paths depending on organisms |
| Lactic Acid (a type of pathway) | 1. bacteria(yogurt) 2. muscle cells Some ATP, a lot of lactic acid, some CO2 |
| Alcoholic fermentation (a type of pathway) | 1. yeast-ferment sugar and produce CO2 + ethanol -beer+wine and bread |
| Factors that affect photosynthesis | carbon dioxide, light, and temperature |
| Cellular Respiration takes place | mitochondria |
| Photosynthesis takes place | chloroplast |
| Factors that affect cell respiration | glucose and oxygen |
| Green light | Reflected by light but not used in photosynthesis |
| Chlorophyll | Pigment that absorbs light energy in photosynthesis |
| What is released by consumers as a waste product to cell respiration? | carbon dioxide |
| Fermentation | Process where cells release energy in absence of oxygen |
| What are the three parts of a nucleotide? | nitrogen base-adenine, five carbon sugar-ribose, and three phosphate groups |
| ADP | low energy because there's one less phosphate because we broke the third one for energy |
Created by:
SamanthaMallon