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Nutrition Chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fat Free Mass | Comprises of all body non fat tissue: bone, water, muscle, connective tissue, organ tissue, and teeth. |
| Body Fat | Incorporated into the nerves, brain, heart, lungs, liver, mammary glands, and other body organs and tissues. |
| Excess Stored Fat | Associated with increased risk of chronic disease such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. |
| Essential Fat | Fat incorporated in various tissues of the body that is critical for normal body functioning |
| Adipose Tissue | Tissue in which fat is stored; fat cells |
| Subcutaneous Fat | Fat located under the skin |
| Visceral Fat | Fat located around major organs; also called intra-abdominal fat |
| Male Essential Fat | 3% |
| Women Essential Fat | 12% |
| Percentage Body Fat | Proportion of the body's total weight that is fat |
| Being Overweight | Having a total body weight above the recommended range of good health |
| Obesity | A more severe degree of overweight, carrying multiple significant health risk |
| Obesity Prevalence Today | Increased for 13% in 1960 to 42% in 2020 |
| Today how many Americans are classified obese or overweight | 74% |
| By how much can obesity double mortality rates and reduce life expectancy | 10-20 years |
| Diabetes is | A disease that disrupts normal metabolism by interfering with insulin production, causing build up of glucose in the blood stream (3 times as likely to develop) |
| What form of diabetes is common with obesity | type 2 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | A cluster of symptoms present in many overweight and obese people that greatly increase their risk of heart disease, diabetes, and chronic illnesses, also called insulin resistance |
| Insulin Resistance | A condition in which blood cells do not respond normally to insulin and cannot easily absorb glucose from the bloodstream |
| Chronic Inflammation | A response of blood vessels to harmful substances, such as germs, damaged cells, or irritants, can lead to heart disease, cancer, allergies, and muscle degeneration |
| Fatty Liver | Increase fat storage in the liver that can lead to live inflammation and failure, and fatty liver disease |
| What gender does metallic syndrome increase the risk of heart disease? | 34% of America have it and it is more common in men that women |
| Males Body Type/Shape | Apple |
| Women's Body Type/Shape | Pear |
| How many people maintain weight loss after a year? | 10% |
| Does to much fat make physical activity difficult? | Yes |
| How much is to little body fat in females? | 8-12% |
| How much is to little body fat in males? | 3-5% |
| Amenorrhea | The absent or infrequent menstrual cycle |
| Female Athlete Triad Consist Of What | Decreased Bone Density, Absent or Infrequent Menstruation |
| How many genes have been identified with obesity? | 90 |
| Set Point Theory | Our bodies are designed to maintain a generally stable weight within a narrow range "set point" (food to exercise ratio) |
| Fat Cell Depleted | A person loses weight, but the number of fat cells may not decrease |
| Metabolism | The sum of all vital processes the body makes available and uses food energy and nutrients |
| Resting Metabolic Rate | the energy required to maintain vital body functions while the body is at rest including respiration, heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure |
| Where does food go? | Resting Metabolism (65-70%) Physical Activity (20-30%) Food Digestion (10%) |
| Energy Balance | the relationship between the energy taken into the body through food and drink (energy in) and the energy expended |
| What does a higher RMR mean? | Mean that a person burns more calories while at rest and can take in more calories without gaining weight |
| How much can RMR differ | 25% |
| What reduces RMR? | Low calorie intake and weight loss reduce |
| Does exercise raise RMR | Yes |
| How much can adult RMR raise with exercise? | 5% |
| What are two hormones linked to obesity? | Leptin and Gherlin |
| What does leptin mean? | Lets the brain know how big or small the body fat stores are |
| What does Ghrelin do? | Responsible for increasing appetite |
| When do gherkin levels go up or down? | 3 hours after a meal |
| What is gut microbiota? | The human intestine houses millions of bacteria that form the intestinal flora this help digest food and produce some vitamins. |
| What does short sleep cycle do to obesity? | They increase BMI and abdominal obesity which also affects hormones levels. |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | A measure of relative body weight correlating highly with more direct measures of body fat |
| How do you calculate BMI | Divide total body weight / by the square of the body height |
| What is a normal BMI | 18.5-24.9 |
| What are the different ways to measure percentage body weight | Underwater weighing, the bod pod, Skin Fold, Caliper, BIA, Dual Energy X ray, Total Body Electrical Conductivity |
| What is the simplest body fat distribution measurements | waist circumference, waist to hip ratio |
| Somatotype | Describes the basic body build |
| Endomorphs | Round/ Pear shape with wide hips and shoulders |
| Mesomorphs | Lean Muscular |
| Ectomorphs | thin and linear with narrow hips and shoulders |
| What is a hereditary limit | Factors that effect/ change body composition |
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