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Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA replication | Initiation, Elongation, & Termination |
| Initiation | DNA strands unwind & seperate |
| Elongation | DNA polymerase builds new complementary strands |
| Termination | 2 identical DNA molecules are formed |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme that builds the strand of mRNA |
| Desmosomes | provide strong and flexible adhesion |
| Gap Junctions | allow ions & small molecules to move between cells |
| Reticular CT | framework for spleen and lymph nodes |
| Hyaline Cartilage | ribs & joints; strong & flexibles |
| Elastic Cartilage | External ear & nose; support & flexibility |
| Fibrocartilage | knee joints, intervertebral joints & menisci; tough & durable |
| Endocrine glands | secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
| Dense Regular | found in tendons & ligaments |
| Areolar Tissue | fills spaces between muscle fibers |
| Plasma Membrane | cell signaling and electrochemical gradication |
| Integral protein | embedded w/ plasma; ex: channel protein |
| Passive transport | move in their concentration gradient |
| Tonicity | measure of the osmotic pressure of 2 solutions |
| Salt water/ Salient solutions | isotonic solutions; same concentration; nurse give it to patients |
| Cytoplasmic Organelles | ER, Golgi, & Vesicles |
| Peroxisomes | located mainly in liver cells |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | made of phospholipied |
| Glycoproteins | extend from the membrane & attach sugar molecules |
| Glycoproteins | help in immune response, cell-cell recognition, & cell signaling |
| Carrier protein | more selective; ex: Na+, K+, Ca++, & glucose transport |
| Carrier protein | carry bigger substances; sometimes it rotates |
| Channel protein | tunnel/opening |
| protein synthesis | process of genetic info in DNA converted to proteins |
| Microvilli | projections that extend from the surface of the small intestine cell to increase surface area |
| Cilia | hair=like; move waste (dust, mucus, & bacteria) away from lungs and toward the airways |
| Nucleolus | synthesizes mRNA; assemble ribosomal construction |
| Membrane Potential | maintain the difference between in and out |
| Leakage channels | use for K+ ions to get inside and out |
| Resting MP | a certain level of MP where cells are at rest |
| Net charge of PM | + out & - in |
| Sodium-Potassium vitality | maintains electrochemical gradients & osmoregulation; for nerve impulses |
| Cytoskeleton | Microfilament, Intermediate filaments, & Microtubules |
| Phagocytosis | engulfs large particles |
| Exocytosis | part of membrane that needs ATP to transport large particles out |
| Gene | functional segment of DNA |
| Gene | provides genetic info needed to build a protein |
| Multinucleated cell | Mitosis w/o cytokinesis |
| DNA synthesis goal | to make two identical cells |
| DNA polymerase | creates a complementary copy in the DNA using nucleotides |
| Codon | 3 nucleotide |
| forms of epithelial tissue | covering & lining and glandular |
| cell junctions | to glue cells tg to prevent shedding |
| desmosome | connect epithelial cells on skin; found in GI tract |
| Areolar CT | In upper dermis |
| Adipose CT | found in deep dermis |
| Reticular CT | structural framework |
| Reticular CT | found in liver & spleen |
| loose CT | Areolar, Adipose, & Reticular |
| Regular CT | found in tendons & ligaments |
| Irregular CT | found in shoulder joints |
| Dense CT | Regular and Irregular |
| Elastic CT | found in aorta |
| Elastic CT | allow the tissue to return to its original length after stretching |
| Muscle tissue | excitable & contractile |
| excitable | respond to a stimulus |
| Contractile | can shorten and generate a pulling force |
| Skeletal Muscle | cylinder & elongated |
| Skeletal Muscle | around bones |
| Cardiac muscle | rectangular and have intercalated discs |
| Smooth muscle | spindle-shaped |
| Smooth muscle | in walls of hollow organs (ex: stomach, intestines, blood vessels, etc.) |
| Epithelial cells | polarity characteristics |
| CT cells | Mesenchymal, Fibroblasts, Adipocytes, & Macrophages |
| Mesenchymal cell | responsible for making CT |
| Macrophages | immune cells: kill bacteria & clean debris |
| Matrix | large # of amorphous ground substances |
| Matrix | make up of protein & sugars |
| Matrix | background where cells & fibers live w/in |
| Protein fibers | Collagen, Elastic, & Reticular |
| Collagen fibers | thick & provide tensile strength; overtime becomes loose |
| Membranes | composed of epithelium and attached to a CT layer |
| Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage | in areas where joints are formed |
| Epiphyseal line | grows until puberty and turn from cartilage cells to bone cells |
| Periosteum and Endosteum | host bone cells |
| Periosteum | allow blood vessels, ligament, & tendons to attach to bone |
| Stratified squamous epithelium | found in tongue |
| Simple cuboidal ET | found in glands, lining of kidney, gallbladder, & GI tract |
| Simple cuboidal ET | help in secretion |
| Simple columnar ET | found in intestines & cellular extensions |
| Simple columnar ET | help in absorption |
| Mesenchymal cells | Grandmother of bone cells |
| Mesenchymal cells | produce osteogenic & osteoclast cells |
| Osteogenic cells | mother cells of BC; always dividing |
| Osteogenic cells | produce osteoblastic cells |
| Osteogenic cells | secrete a substance called Osteoid |
| Osteoid | made of protein, sugar, & fibers; basis for the matrix |
| Osteoid | hardens in Ca++ presence and produce lamellae |
| Osteoclast cells | bone eating cells |
| Osteoclast cells | giant and multinucleated cells |
| Osteoclast cells | secrete enzymes to dissolve/absorb bones |
| Osteoclasts cells | for repair, regeneration, Ca++ blood levels |
| Hot weather | allow blood to upper dermis |
| Cold Weather | limit blood in upper dermis |
| Apocrine | oils (fats & lipids) secretion |
| Pseudostratified Columnar ET | in sperm ducts & respiratory tract |
| Glandular Epithelia | Endocrine & Exocrine glands |
| Cartilage | made of chondrocyte |
| Vit D | produced by Kidneys and liver |
| Vit D | help in absorbing Ca++ |
| Organic bones | collagen fibers |
| Inorganic bones | calcium phosphate salt |
| calcium phosphate salt | 60% from bone mass; gives strength/hardness |
| Salt | crystalize & hold the collage fibers inside the bones |
| lamallae | contain Ca++ phosphate cell & fiber |
| Passive transport | diffusions & osmosis |
| Gases (O2 & CO2) | can easily diffuse the PM |
| Active Transport | Pumps & Vesiculars |
| Active Transport Pumps | changes the shapes of the carrier protein & causes ions to bind to it & move against their concentration gradient |
| vesicular tranport | large particles that don't fit in the carrier |
| Phagocytosis | endocytosis of immune cells by invading pathogens |
| Cytosol | jelly-like substance that provides the fluid medium for biochemical reactions |
| Endomembrane organelles | ER, Golgi apparatus & vesicles |
| chromosome | condense from of chromatin; composed of DNA & proteins |
| ET | supported by CT (seperated by basal lamina) |
| Basal lamina | glycoproteins & collage |
| ET | avascular & regenerate |
| Simple ET | kidney tubules & lining of capillaries |
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FuirzH