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bio stuff so far
just what i have learned in bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does dna stand for | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| what is the monomer version of dna | nucleotide |
| what is the pentose sugar used in dna | deoxyribose |
| what are the four bases for dna | adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine |
| what is the "backbone" or railing of dna | sugar-phosphate backbone |
| what bases bond with each other | adenine with thymine, guanine with cytosine |
| which bases are pyrimidines | cytosine, thymine |
| which bases are purines | adenine, guanine |
| do purines bond with purines | no, purines bond with pyrimidines, and the other way around |
| what replaces thymine in rna | uracil |
| what are the strands of dna called | antiparallel |
| what do the 5' and 3' stand for | 5 prime and 3 prime |
| what is chargaff's rule | the number of purines = the number of pyrimidines |
| what enzyme unzips dna | helicase |
| when is dna replicated | s phase of interphase |
| how does helicase unzip dna | breaking the hydrogen bonds |
| which enzyme keeps dna from supercoiling | topoisomerase |
| what attaches to dna to keep it from joining back together | single-stranded binding proteins |
| what enzyme primes dna | rna primase |
| what enzyme builds dna | dna polymerase |
| which direction does dna polymerase build in | 5' to 3' |
| what are the two strands of the dna called | leading strand and lagging strand |
| what are the parts of the lagging strand called | okazaki fragments |
| what are the rna primers placed by rna primase replaced by | dna nucleotides |
| what enzyme glues dna | ligase |
| what enzyme proofreads dna | dna polymerase |
| what are the 3 types of rna | messager rna, transfer rna, and ribosomal rna |
| what is the pentose sugar in rna | ribose |
| which is used to translate rna parts to amino acids: trna anticodons, or mrna codons | mrna codons |
| what are proteins made of | amino acids |
| what are the two steps of protein synthesis | transcription and translation |
| what is transcription | making mrna from dna- occurs in nucleus for eukaryotes, cytoplasm for prokaryotes |
| what is translation | making protein from rna- occurs in cytoplasm |
| what is a mutation | a change in an organism's genetic material, occurs at random |
| what are the 3 kinds of mutations | substitution, insertion, and deletion |
| what is substitution | when a base is swapped with another |
| what is insertion | when an extra base is added to a strand of dna |
| what is deletion | when one or more bases are removed from a strand of dna |
| what are the 4 kinds of mutations that can occur | silent, missense, frameshift, and nonsense |
| what is a silent mutation | when a mutation doesn't have an effect on rna |
| what is a missense mutation | when a mutation changes the codon for an amino acid |
| what is a frameshift mutation | changes many amino acids |
| what is a nonsense mutation | when a mutation causes an earlier stop codon |
Created by:
lily-