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USHIST Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Samuel Slater | 1789: brings plans for textile spinning machine to Rhode Island from Eng by memory, first wave of manufacturing w textiles/cloth, advent of American industry |
| Pattowmack Canal (1802) | Potowman Canal Company conceptualized by Washington, finalized to go around falls, gives Alexandria jump on competition to connect to western goods, solves transpo prob of west trade, start of huge wave of canals |
| Cotton Gin (1793) | invented to clean cotton of seeds, makes cotton (existing crop w slave labor) into more profittable, primary southern crop, brings huge demand for land and slaves, fifteen years before slave trade end 20% of entire import |
| Eli Whitney | 1793: first to submit diagram for cotton gin and get patent, believed now to be conceptualized by enslaved ppl, in 5 years cotton production increase from 180k to 6 million lbs, another five to 40 mil lbs |
| Domestic Slave Trade | end of slave trade 1808, turns domestic as upper south too many and lower south too few slaves, many sold before reaching age of freedom under grad emancipation, massive forced migration, movement from task to gang system |
| Gabriel's Rebellion | 1800: led by backsmith rented out to work in VA, at least 200 slaves and free blacks, seize capital and gov Monroe hold hostage until slavery abolished, kill every white in way, one slave spooked, 35 killed, 12 acquitted, many arrested, new VAblack codes |
| Pinkney' Treaty | 1794- Agreement with Spain that gave U.S. access to trade via the Mississippi River and New Orleans. Resolved tensions between both nations...Spain dismantled forts on U.S. soil and encouraged N.A. to not attack westerners. |
| Aaron Burr | 1800 Election Reps clear win, him and TJeff tied, TJ wanted by many but Burr wants presidency, turns to work w Feds, long debates, AHam 'most unfit man in country' breaks tie, TJ win, Burr duels/kills AH |
| Jefferson's Inaugural Address | 1801 four key assurances: neutrality in EU wars, preserving navy, maintaining Hamilton financial system, low level gov officeholders keep job no matter party in power |
| Mammoth Cheese | New Years 1802: festivities of travel across country to bring to TJeff, huge via 'milk of 900 republican cows,' reported to press as 'greatest cheese in America for greatest man in America' |
| Albert Gallatin | Frenchman on Treasury under TJeff, looked to eliminate debt via shrunk military + fed employees and selling land in west ($5 mill/yr) argued don't have to raise taxes bc public virtue belief says they will invest it in US |
| National Road | authorized 1806, believed connecting east and west economy would mean unity, built 1811-18, connected Baltimore to Illinois, modern highway US 10 |
| Louisianna Purchase | 1803: Monroe sent to France w instruction to get to agree to Spain Pinkney's Treaty or get price for New Orleans, Napolean wants to sell entire territory for $15 mil, Jeff torn bc strict Con, breaks to buy, moves Natives west of Miss |
| James Monroe | sent to France in 1803 to assure New Orleans as port of US, instead offered entire LA Purchase territory for $15 mil, secures purchase w TJeff approval |
| Island of New Orleans | initially assured US w Pinkney's Treaty, US concerned w usage if land retrocession to France, when US wants to buy island, Napoleon offers entire LA Purchase territory |
| Lewis and Clark | Explorers who embarked on an expedition on the command of Thomas Jefferson. Were helped by Sacajawea, a Native American woman. |
| Henry Clay | freshman KY Congressman, became Speaker of House immediately, facilitated dec of War of 1812 not knowing Eng had just raised US trade restrictions, later 'Great Compromiser' proposed Comp of 1850 for southwest admittance to Union |
| Tecumseh | Native American tribal chief. Tried to build a coalition of tribes to stop white settlement/assimilation of N.A., even negotiated w/ Willam Henry Harrison. |
| Battle of Thames | October 5, 1813, took place in the Thames River between Temsumsah troops and British troops. It lasted no more than five minutes and Tecumsuah was fatally shot and wounded, and his troops fought for another 30 minutes before retreating. |
| Battle of New Orleans | Jan 1815: believed to have ended War of 1812, greatest victory, actually took place month after Treaty of Ghent signed |
| Treaty of Ghent | Dec 1814: Ended the War of 1812. Restored "status quo ante bellum," or the state of affairs before the war. US didnt lose or gain land, & couldnt end impressment. negotiated by Clay, Quincy Adams, and Galatan |
| John Quincy Adams | |
| John C. Calhoun | Ran as vice president with Andrew Jackso has a democrat, Was Secretary of War under James Monroe, had an alliance of small farmers in the North and South. Advocated for limited government. |
| John Marshall | Chief justice of the Supreme Court who was appointed by John Adams. Decided that the Supreme Court could decide on implied powers. |
| Implied Powers | Powers that were not written into the Constitution, left to the discretion of the Supreme Court, |
| Panic of 1819 | economic downturn/depression due to changes in Euro econ, slave land and staple crop prices all drop > south and west greatest affected, blame east elites + fed gov |
| Tallmadge Amendment | 1818: proposed after Missouri applied for statehood, would keep it from being slave state, question of fed power to abolish slavery, led to Missouri Compromise (MO admitted as slave state, line drawn those above unable to have slaves) |
| "The Middling Sort" | category up until 19th cent applied to all not considered elite or poor (on 'poor relief'), defined by econ independence but no diff based on level, wanting to differentiate selves, split into middle and working class |
| Shopkeepers and professionals | 19th cent: under newly defined middle class, prof-doctors, lawyers, teachers; shop-own workplace and home, pay employees) > pay wages don't receive |
| Voluntary associations | factor of middle class religious movement, involvement in social and charity movement orgs to prove morality and leisure aspects of respectability status |
| Wage-earners status | members of the working class who had to earn wages for survival, did not own their own business to provide wages. |
| General Trade Union | 1834: Philadelphia, most successful labor org in country, became national org of over 10,000; 1835 strike of 20,000 for higher wage + 10-hr workday, made membership soar, cashed as result of Panic of 1837 |
| Panic of 1837 | Price of cotton cut in half, price of slaves fell, price of land skyrocketed. But Democrats don't think the government should get involved in the economy. |
| Domestics (servants) | servant in the home, in north Irish immigrant or free black vs in urban south enslaved ppl |
| Domesticity idealogy | ideals attributed to the home, women 'naturally/god-ordained' domestic, virtues of domesticity, piety, purity, and submission possessed by women (therefore not by men) |
| The American Woman's Home (1841) | written by Beecher sisters, #1 advice book teaching women to be responsible for household, excerpted in women's mags, went through 11 editions in 19th cent |
| Parlors | Rooms in middle-class households to display furniture and humbly display wealth, built to host guests to keep split between private and public, also used for weddings and funerals |
| Companionate Marriage | marrying for love, became standard for middle class in 19th cent, standard/expectation for marriage became high, weight of choosing based on love |
| Childhood | Invented by the 19th century middle class, characterized by furniture and learning materials made particularly for children, focus on child-rearing via child-centered fam and comp marriage, invention of chirstmas |
| Child-centered family | middle class expression of luxury via paying for schooling, 19th cent affectionate ties beyond 17th cent maintaining discipline, fam focus is rearing children, women as mothers > wives |
| The Mother's Book (1831) | written by Lydia Maria Child, new view of children, purity/innocence of children (contrast to Puritans in 17th cent), part of rise in child-centered fam and companionate marriage |
| MI Asylum for the Insane (1859) | came about from 2nd great awakening social movements, opened in Kzoo 1959, first asylum in state, reforming those w mental illness, revolutionized previously torturous treatment |
| Free Will | characteristic of 19th cent 2nd great awakening, challenged authority of old-stye churches/ministers by attacking idea of predestination, hopeful vision of loving god + freedom to change destiny, important for bringing in new members |
| Charles Grandison Finney | Presbyterian leader who adopted 'free will' and other 2nd great awakening ideals to keep old church relevant, aimed messaging at mid class, emphasis on New Testament and Jesus as model |
| Sylvester Graham | dietary reformer (of self reform movement), argued for no meat, sugar, caffeine, alcohol, invented Graham crackers, which at the time were quite healthy, believed they could 'cure unrestrained sexual appetites and even insanity' |
| American Temperance Society | temperance most popular reform movement of 19th cent, made up of 1 million members by 1840 pledging not to drink hard liquor, consumption dropped 60% |
| Willim Lloyd Garrison | abolitionist, called for immediate emancipation w/o compensation, believed in racial harmony and quality (extremely radical for time and dangerous), established "Liberator" newspaper > mob violence against abolitionists raised, involved in women's mvmt |
| Fredrick Douglass | Abolitionist, played a major role in the Seneca Falls Convention |
| American Anti-Slavery Society | Introduced by William Garrison, who was a liberator and advocated for immediate removal of slavery. |
| Elizabeth Cady Santon | Seneca Falls Convention, wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, leader of 19th century women's movement, came over from abolitionist mvmt, but did not receive as much backlash for women's mvmt bc not seen as threat |
| Martin Van Buren | called for two party system. became president in |
| "Corrupt Bargain" | Jackson characterization of Clay/Quincy Adams bargain to help him become pres, marks movement from public voting by deference/virtue to voting by those who can represent you, also leads to Jackson formation of Whig party |
| American System | JQA dogma: National Bank + system of roads and canals + protective tariffs + reasonable land policy (making it easier to purchase land in west) + foreign policy based on close ties to new Latin Am nations (Monroe Doctrine) |
| National Republicans | |
| The Bank Bill | |
| Nullification Crisis of 1832 | In November of 1832, a South Carolina convention bullied the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 and forbade the collection of customs duties within the state. Jackson in return singed into law “the olive branch and the sword” |
| William Henry Harrison | Whig candidate 1840, military man known for killing Tecumsuh in Indiana, presented as 'westerner' despite southern slave-owning fam living in IN governor's mansion, log cabin campaign, dies within months of inaugural address |
| John Tyler | state's rights southerner involved in Nulification Crisis chosen to balance Harrison ticket, becomes pres despite no one wanting him when H dies of pneumonia months after inaugural address, ended pres by ensuring being the one to bring TX into Union |
| Planters | south 19th cent: completely dominate society despite comprising of very few fams, less than 8k 'large' w 50+ slaves, ~38k 'small' w 20-50 slaves, household division by age and gender of kids |
| Yeomanry | south 19th cent: farm owners who do not own slaves, looking upward, wanting to align politically and socially w higher classes, get slave and take wife out of field as soon as able |
| "Positive Good" | 2nd great awakening moves attitude towards slavery from 'necessary evil' to 'positive good' w idea that bringing Blacks Chrisitanity + civilizing them |
| "Our Family White and Black" | A sentiment expressed amongst slaveowners to portray they worked alongside their slaves whom they considered family "for the benefit of the plantation," being good Chrisitans by holding them in bondage bc unable to live on own |
| Nat Turner Revolt | VA: best known slave uprising, led by enslaved blacksmith, believed self to be prophet of God told to kill whites until end of slavery, killed approx 60 whites (men women and babies), 200 slaves killed in retaliation, after this harsher black codes |
| Spirituals | songs written by enslaved pop emphasizing freedom, promised land; purposefully slow tempo to stifle work pace, storytelling of rebellious spirit passed on (small animals overtaking strong ones); slave owners interpreted as happiness in slave pop |
| "black belt" | rich soil of south most desirable for plant production, discovered late 18th cent, span from West Carolinas to lower south |
| "Land Fever" | insatiable appetite for land, sales of 15-20 million acres in single year, likened to disease, concentrated in 'black belt' south (1000s of enslaved 'migrants') and northwest, 1836-Alabama, Ohio, Indiana; 1855-Mississippi, Illinois |
| domestic market | |
| standardization | complex products broken down, each part standardized, factory work shifted from making item all the way through to doing same small task over and over for standard item, standard sizing for clothing |
| Lowell Mills (1822) | Lowell family opens mills in Mass, town named Lowell Mills, MA; cotton > threads > textiles all under one roof, first workers all young women, 70% of first workers die of respiratory illness |
| steamboats | invented 1830s, steam tech important for water transpo bc can go upstream, price of up river travel dropped to same as down river |
| Erie Canal (1817-25) | connects Great Lakes to New York, ppl come from Europe to witness engineering, 'artificial rivers' through mtns, slow-going boats pulled by animals/carts, recent immigrants did digging, cost $7 mill, but NY tolls making $3 mil/yr |
| Samuel Morse and telegraph | |
| Cincinnati, Ohio | result of stark industrialization of early 19th cent, one of new western cities making it 3rd largest in country, nicknamed porkopolis for hog raising |
| John Ross | assimilated southern Native Am, Christian, intermarried, slaveowning farmer, going through legal channels of courts to protest land acquisition |
| Indian Removal Act (1830) | Signed by Andrew Jackson, though Natives tried to go through courts to fight and Whigs against, Whigs argued would squash Con/violate treaties/inflate state power |
| Treaty of New Echota | 1835: John Ross and south Cherokees attempt to ignore meeting + delegitimize, still some 'most white/civilized' sign it w promise of financial support |
| The "Slave Power" | northern conspiracy abt attempts to expand political power being held by small number of slaveowners, out of proporition, evidence: Mex war, |
| Free Soil Party | election of 1848, third party formed, emerging from Dem divisions over war, didn't care abt plight of slaves but no expansion of slavery, danger of inhibiting white male power and opportunity, 'just rewards' |
| Gold Rush (1848-49) | triggered huge wave of settlement to state, making them quickly apply for statehood despite Taylor wanting not to address issue of slavery in west |
| Popular sovereignty | Steven Douglass proponent, belief that states should decide whether they want to legalize slavery, southerners quickly opposed as Cali and New Mex wanted to join as free states, would unbalance slave state power in Congress |
| Compromise of 1850 | via Henry Clay, admit Cali as free, divide rest of land into Utah and New Mex, pop sov to decide, end slave trade in DC, enforce fugitive slave clause via state govs |
| Fugitive Slave Law (1850) | broken up piece of Compromise of 1850 that would enforce northern state govs' participation in capturing and returning escaped slaves, Zachary Taylor says he would veto then dies (1852) |
| Millard Fillmore | 1852 signs rest of broken up Comp of 1850 into law after Zachary Taylor dies saying he would veto Fugitive Slave Law |
| Franklin Pierce | wins 1852 election, shelves sectional issues, parties look identical and economy good |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) | proposed by Stephen Douglass wanting to be Dem nominee, in order to accomplish vision of Trans-Continental RR from Chi to SF, needs to organize land, repeals MO Comp, pop sov decides KS and NE territory slavery, barely passes both sides think they'll win |
| Funding Law (1790) | |
| Assumption Law (1790) | |
| Bank of the U.S. | Created by Alexander Hamilton, as a form of investment utilizing rich individuals |
| "Loose" vs. "Strict" construction | Loose=Hamiltonians Strict=Jeffersonians (Hypocritical!) |
| Federalists | Protected the Federal Government |
| Republicans | Put power in virtuous men |
| French Revolution (1789) | 1789-French abolished nobles' privileges, became republic, and executed king/anti-revolutionaries. Republicans (Jefferson) were pro-France & wanted republics to spread globally while Federalists (Hamilton) wanted to repair relationship w Britain. |
| Whiskey Rebellion (1794) | Result of Ham's excise tax on domestic whiskey. A crowd tarred/feathered tax collector. Ham & Wash. sent militia to Penn., but there was no rebellion to put down--people didn't like. |
| Jay Treaty-1794 (text) | Agreement between U.S. and Britain that opened some British markets to Americans, but failed to end impressment & Britain's violation of American neutrality.. Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to Britain. |
| Election of 1796 | The presidential candidates were VP John Adam’s (F) and Jefferson (R). Many republican support came from the south and majority of the north supported Adam’s. Adam receives most electoral votes and Jefferson second highest, becomes VP. |
| Alien & Sedition Acts (1798) | Four laws, 1: prevent airtime espionage or sabotage, expel foreign residents whose activities that can be claimed from the president, “naturalization act” , forbade an individual or a group “to pose any measures or measures of the United States.” |
| Virtue | Ability to place public good above private interest and to exercise vigilance in keeping government under control. |
| Declaration of Sentiments (1846) | writted by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, language mimics Dec of Independence, leaning on language or rights and equality, calls for voting rights for women, equality of sexes, and end to coverture |
| Seneca Falls Convention (1848) | first significant meeting of suffragists, organized by Stanton, Garrison, Douglass, and others, overlap w abolitionist mvmt, still largely white mid class, meeting produced Dec of Sentiments, 100s of women present |
| Panic of 1837 | bank collapse resulting from Jackson veto of Bank Bill, Van Buren blamed, land sales (esp in west), cotton prices, and slave prices drop (south hit hard), Dems (no fed involve in econ) look like sitting ducks, Whigs take advantage w pro-Am system stance |
| log cabin campaign (1840) | grassroots organizing emphasizing westerner quality of Harrison, songs/newspapers/whiskey + cider in log cabins (designed by E.B. Booze), most successful political campaign in U.S. history |
| Cherokees | pushed off their land in 'black belt' by whites literally as soon as New Echota put in place (1835), forced to move out to what is now Oklahoma |
| Trail of Tears (1838-39) | forced migration to Oklahoma, 100s die on journey, land and items stolen by Georgians, genocide and trauma, New Echota signers killed upon arrival due to betrayal |
| Sam Houston | 1840s: TX independence declared under his leadership bc while wanted to be US state, Mex claimed they should be Catholic w/o slavery, stay on own for 8.5 yrs bc Congress Whigs doesn't want to violate Con and take Mex land |
| "Oregon Fever" (1842) | settlers travelling across continent to reach fertile land w long growing season in Oregon, primarily northerners not looking to bring slavery, high north area disputed as English colony, north wanted higher border than what was settled |
| Liberty Party (1844) | built explicitly to force issue of slavery into political agenda, effective spoiler candidate that pulls votes from Whigs, making them lose |
| James K Polk | elected 1844, north angry that released top part of OR but willing to go to war for TX, divides Whigs + Dems > divides north and south |
| Rio Grande | Texas southern border initially called at Nueces, Polk pushes them for Rio Grande, saying they can settle peacefully while sending troops, navy blockade of river, Treaty of G-H settles border at Rio Grande |
| General Zachary Taylor | 1840s: Polk sends him in to lead troops against Mexico into diputed territory (abt 1,000 troops) to get southern TX border drawn at Rio Grande, Polk does all of this without Congress permission |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) | establishes TX border at Rio Grande, secures territory over to California, U.S. pays $15 million w condition of dropping "All Mexico Mvmt" that some wanted to take whole country over |
| Stephen A Douglass | proponent of popular sovereignty, leaving it up to state settlers whether they want to allow slavery, debate partner of Abe Lincoln, splits up 1850 Comp so it passes, proposes Kansas-Nebraska Act |
| American Party (Know Nothings) (1854) | |
| Charles Sumner | "Bleeding Sumner." Abolitionist from the North. Beat up at his desk in the Senate chamber by Preston Brooks for insulting his relative. Didn't recover for four years. |
| Preston Brooks | Beat Charles Sumner in the Senate chamber. Wasn't stopped by other southerners. Resigned later but was received with a hero's welcome and a new cane engraves with "hit him again." |
| Panic of 1857 | Hurt the north, didn't touch the south. empowered south to think theyre strong enough to be their own country (cotton). South & North democracts blocked aid in Congress. |
| "Wide Awake" Campaign (1860) | Campaign by Republicans to "keep an eye out" on the slave power conspiracy. |
| "Bleeding Kansas" | Bc of pop. sov., both Dems and Whigs thought they could win Kansas. Pro-slavery dems, in the name of "Southern Rights," rigged the election by voting multiple times. Led to violence, burning of building.s |
| James Buchanan | Potentially first gay president, and ran as a democrat and when he won, he become indebted to southerners. Accepted Kansas’s election of being a slave state even though there were high amounts of fraud. |
| Dred Scot vs Sandford | Dred Scott= slave suing for freedom in IL. Ruled blacks can't sue, Missouri Comp is unconstitutional & opened Kansas to slavery. 5/6 judges had slaves. Smelled like conspiracy to North. |
| John Brown | White radical abolitionist who killed southerners. Believed he was a prophet. Seized US weapons. Hanged in Va. for treason. Venerated as a martyr in North. (Saint pic) |
| Harper's Ferry (1859) | |
| Constitutional Union Party (1860) | Political party in the Election of 1860 made up of southern Whigs who didn't belong to the Republicans or Democrats. |
| Gettysburg (1863) | Union victory that halted the Confederate invasion of Penn.; turning point in the war in the East. |
| "anaconda plan" | Union plan to blockade and, like a snake, seal off and sever the Confederacy. Unsuccessful bc the Union lacked the ships & men to seize the Mississippi. |
| Antietam (1862) | Union victory in 1862 that gave Lincoln the opportunity to give the Emancipation Proclamation. |
| Appomatox Courthouse (April 9, 1865) | Site where Lee surrendered to Grant. |
| conscription laws | |
| NY City Draft Riots (July 1863) | Working class men drafted in NYC were angry middle/upper class people could pay exemption fees & also angry & violent towards black people for "causing" war/draft. |
| 13th Amendment (1865) | Ended slavery in all U.S. territory. Passed in 1865. |
| Emancipation Proclamation-1862 | Lincoln's declaration that freed all slaves in Confederacy-held territory on January 1, 1863.. 830,000 out of 4 million stayed enslaved. Changed the nature of the war. |
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sarahgg