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Chapter 3 AP
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Funan | first civilization to reflect Indian ways, gained wealth from controlling trade between East and South Asia. 6, Funan weakened by power struggle, peoples from north overwhelmed Funan. By then, their irrigation systems had fallen, and Funan perished. |
| Harsha | He was the Buddhist ruler of northern India from 606 to 648 CE, and he was known to be a very kind and charismatic leader. His empire fell when he was killed by an assassin and had no clear heirs. He supported the arts a lot and even wrote some plays. |
| Guru Kabir | 1440-1518 CE, a blind weaver who became the most important teacher in the bhakti movement, which sought to harmonize Hinduism and Islam. |
| Mahmud of Ghazni | leader of a Turkish-Iranian state in Afghanistan, was known to support the arts. he started to go on expeditions into northwest India because he wanted to accumulate wealth, and he destroyed Hindu and Buddhist temples and replaced them with mosques. |
| Ramanuja | He was a prominent Vishnu philosopher who believed in the spiritual, Hindu theology of salvation. Ramanuja said that a personal and spiritual union with the deity is much more important than logical explanations. |
| Angkor Thom | Angkor Thom was the capital city of the Southeast Asian Khmer kingdom that was one of the temple cities that had Hindu and Buddhist temples. |
| Srivijaya | Southeast Asian kingdom that lasted from 670-1025. It was based on the island of Sumatra, and used a powerful navy to dominate trade. |
| Harihara | Harihara -brother sent by Delhi sultanate to come to south india and implement their policies there. he and bukka soon realized that they could create their own independent empire and went back to their hindu faith and made the vijayanagar empire. |
| Bukka | Bukka- brothers sent by the Delhi sultanate to come to south india and implement their policies there. he and harihara soon realized that they could create their own independent empire and went back to their hindu faith and made the vijayanagar empire. |
| Paramesvara | A rebellious prince from Sumatra who created the kingdom of Melaka. |
| Melaka | founded by paramesvara and started out as an Hindu society, but it soon became a predominantly Islam society due to its prominent spot in the trading world. It supported the spread of Islam and welcomed Islam officials and sufis in their city. |
| Shankara | shiva devotee, synthesized all sacred hindu writings to make one text. Shankara believed in a more logical, intellectual system of thought, and he insisted that only logical and disciplined reasoning would let people understand the reality of Brahman. |
| Delhi sultans | The islamic conquering sultanate that controlled most of north india for over 3 centuries, and established their capital at delhi . |
| Abbasid dynasty | abbasid dynasty when the umayyad dynasty fell to rebels in persia. rebellion lead by Abu al-abbas . It was cosmopolitan and let conquered people rise to high positions as well as Arabs. It reached is peak under Harun al-Rashid. |
| Gupta dynasty | A dynasty that ruled india, but was under high threat from the white huns, who eventually toppled the dynasty. After the Gupta dynasty fell, india was thrown into chaos. |
| White Huns | People from Central Asia, were known as the White Huns or Hephalites. They invaded northern and central India and took over and upset the Gupta administration. |
| Umayyad dynasty | (661-750) established after death of the caliph Ali, y temporarily solved the succession problem. ruled dar al-islam as conquerors, y established capital a Damascus, helped maintain central control on empire. big period of expansion to Spain and India. |
| The Chola Kingdom | focused on trading, and that is how they accumulated wealth. They dominated trade in the indian ocean basin, and their kingdom lasted from 850 to 1267 CE. |
| Vijayanagar kingdom | Sultanate of Delhi sent two brothers into south India to enforce their policies, brothers renounced sus Islamic faith de their original Hindu faith y established themselves as rulers of Vijayanagar. empire brought down by alliance of muslim kingdoms. |
| Angkor kingdom | It was the capital of the Khmer empire and flourished from the 9-15 centuries. It had deep connections with Buddhism and Hinduism. |
| Singosari kingdom | From 1222-1292 ce. It was based on the island of Java and it had a big presence and controlled a lot of maritime trade. |
| Majapahit kingdom | Like the singosari kingdom, it controlled maritime trade and was based on the island of Java. |
| Sind | An indus river valley civilization that was located in northwestern india. taken over by Islam forces in 711 |
| Cambay | Cambay was one of the important trading cities in the trading community, and was occupied by a community of merchants as trade grew. |
| Sumatra | Sumatra was one of the islands that was in the center of maritime trade routes, and it was dominated by the Srivijaya empire for a few centuries. |
| Angkor | The kingdom lasted from 889 to 1431. |
| Khmer | An empire that dominated a huge area of land in southeast asia. They had the city = angkor thom as their capital and they had a lot of indian influence on them with hindu and buddhist temples. |
| Axum | christian trading city, stayed independent despite muslim expansion all around them. maintained their connections and trades with distant lands and therefore maintained their prosperity despite muslim expansion. |
| Strait of Melaka | main connecting link between Europe, the middle east , and South Asia. The strait was very important and almost all maritime merchants had to pass through it. Because of this, the strait was monitored when one wanted to keep an eye or control trade. |
| Java | The Indonesian island that had the kingdoms of singorsari and majaphit based on it. |
| Malay peninsula | important link between Indian ocean and china seas. were a lot of cultural and religious exchanges made there y this helped spread islam to parts and Hinduism and Buddhism to others. way for merchants to trade goods between China and India easily. |
| Purana | The writings containing hindus legends and folklore. |
| Indianized | Put in indian form, character or composition. |
| Bhakti | el bhakti movement was an attempt to bring Hinduism and islam closer together. Guru Kabir, famous bhakti teachers y said Allah, Shiva, and Vishnu were all one deity. el movement unsuccessful. but build indian social and cultural communities in Islam. |
| Emporia | the principal center of commerce, which India was during the time of the Indian ocean basin trade routes because it was in the center of all the activity. |
| How did South and Southeast Asia differ from East Asia in terms of political authority? | In South and Southeast Asia, there was no centralized imperial authority, and in East Asia, China was seen as the dominant power. In South Asia, there was no single state able to extend its power and authority to the entire Indian subcontinent. |
| What three cultural aspects shaped and unified Indian society? | The caste system, the Hindu religion, and the Islam religion shaped indian society and became huge influences on India's culture. |
| What role did the merchants play in spreading the religions of India? | Merchants traveled toAsia y other places, y when they traded with the people there, they did not simply trade food and goods, but also religious beliefs. An example could be Hinduism popular in China |
| What new developments led to the creation of an intricate trade and communications networks, the likes of which had never been seen before? | developments in maritime technology, better navigation and building of ships, better articulated sea routes y lanes, y el building of port cities along the coast of el indian ocean basin, led a more communications y trade networks than ever before. |
| Who brought about the downfall of the Gupta Dynasty? | The Gupta dynasty fell in 451 CE, when people from Central Asia, known as the White Huns or Hephalites, invaded India and took over and upset the Gupta administration. |
| Describe the political atmosphere of northern India after the fall of the Gupta. | After the Gupta Empire fell, India became very divided. The northern part was often at war with the other, and nomadic peoples often tried to force their way into India, causing further disruption. |
| What kind of reputation did Harsha have as a ruler, and what did he do to earn that reputation? | Harsha was known to be a very charismatic and kind ruler who united india again for some time. He also promoted scholarship, let medical care be free for his subjects, and was a Buddhist who still looked kindly on other faiths. |
| What were the three ways in which Islam spread to northern India? | Conquest, Merchants, and migrants. Arab forces took over parts of India, faith spread to everyone in city. Muslim merchants traded, gradually spread faith. Muslim migrants also came over to India, and they brought their faith with them. |
| How did merchants create a place for themselves within the Indian culture? | Merchants formed small communities in the major coastal cities of India, where they owned homes, had wives away from home, and sometimes found their place in Indian society. They learned about Indian culture this way. |
| What was Mahmud of Ghazni’s motivation for his expeditions into Northwest India? | wanted to gain and acquire more wealth by plundering the wealth stored in India's temples. also wanted to destroy Hindu and Buddhist temples because he was a muslim and he saw it as idolatry. |
| What was the relationship between the Sultanate of Delhi and its Hindu subjects? | not oppressive or liberal towards Hindu subjects.did not like them, made them pay jizya tax if did not convert to Islam, held them in low social status. not forcing them to convert to Islam exactly, because the Hindu made up most of their population. |
| How did southern India’s political structure differ from that of northern India? | In southern India, there was much less war and chaos than in the northern part of India. In South India, they had states that Hindu rulers presided over, which led to less frequent conflicts. |
| What force provided the Chola Kingdom with wealth and stability? | The Chola kingdoms focused on trading, and that is how they accumulated wealth. They dominated trade in the indian ocean basin, and their kingdom lasted from 850 to 1267 CE. |
| What are the characteristics of the Chola political structure? | The Chola political structure was much looser than a lot of other kingdoms. They did not have a very centralized state and let the local and village institutions make decisions. |
| What was the unlikely origin of the kingdom of Vijayanagar? | sultanate of Delhi sent two brothers into southern India to enforce their policies in that area. They saw they had opportunity for independent rule returned totheir original Hindu faith and established themselves as rulers of the empire of Vijayanagar. |
| What three elements combined to form the basis of India's postclassical society? | Their trades and communications in the indian ocean basin, the caste system, and the way merchant and artisan guilds became increasingly influential. |
| Why was India heavily reliant on irrigation? | bc monsoon seasons, winds that carried warm rainfall in summer y spring, y cool y dry winds that led to almost drought in winter and fall. if not irrigation, then the food sources would have a very small chance of survival from no water. |
| What did southern India's greater need for irrigation lead to the development of? | Their need for irrigation led to the construction and development of dams, wells, canals, tunnels, and other important waterworks. also more food bc better irrigation |
| How did the plentiful food supply impact India’s population and social demography? | The increased food supply led to the population growing steadily. By 1500 CE, the population was at 105 million. This population increase led to more specialized work, which in turn led to a huge increase in trade. |
| What commodities made up the internal trade network of India, and where could you purchase those goods? | Iron, copper, salt, pepper, spices, condiments, y specialized crops grew in certain regions, and they were traded far to places that did not have them. To buy them, you would go to markets that were set up when the Chola expanded to Southeast Asia. |
| What role did Hindu temples play in Indian society? | economic y social centers. were in charge of huge amounts of land where people work on agricultural activities y work on irrigation systems. provided schooling |
| What economic services did temple administrators perform? | acted as bankers, made loans, and invested in commercial and business ventures. encouraged trade y production=southern India developing economically. Temples also usually close with guilds of merchants, y the guilds would give temples land o money. |
| Why did Indian Ocean merchants conduct business in stages rather than round-trip voyages? | impossible for the indian ocean merchants to go on a round trip voyage because with their boats they would need to wait months on distant ports waiting for the winds to change and be perfect for travel, so they conducted business in stages instead. |
| How did India become the apex of the Indian Ocean Trade network? | India is right in the middle of the indian ocean basin, so it became a site for emporia easily. India had a perfect central location for it, and it became the apex of the indian ocean trade network. |
| How did the emphasis on trading Indian textiles change the structure of Indian society? | The emphasis on tradin indian textiles caused consumers to be able to import goods from regions of other commodities and for artisans to make a livelihood out of them. They also created a demand for specific agricultural products. |
| What were some of the other commodities that regions outside of India began to specialize in? | China specialized in silk, porcelain, lacquerwhere.southeast asian lands specialized in fine spices, horses, incense.dates from southwest asia. East africa produced gold, ivory, slaves. all lands contributing to the indian ocean basin trade networks. |
| How was Axum able to maintain its independence and prosperity in the face of Muslim expansion? | kept their christian religion and their independence, and since they were surrounded by lands that had adopted islam they maintained their connections and trades with distant lands and therefore maintained their prosperity despite muslim expansion. |
| What factors put pressure on the caste system in the postclassical era? | Migrations, the growing presence of Islam, the economic development, and the urbanization in India put pressure on the caste system in the post-classical era |
| What role did the caste system play in maintaining Indian society in years of turmoil? | The caste system provided guidance on individual roles in indian society and their relationships with others. This was the main structure that people relied on without a strong central government put into place. |
| How did the jati help structure commercial society in India? | jati = subcastes. acted like workers guilds. people specialized in same thing set prices, laws, norms for buying o sellingit. guilds prominent spot in society economically bc mems contributed largely to the economic health of states. |
| How did economic development lead to the spread of the caste system to southern India? | northern India growing economically, more commercial interactions between north and south India. caste system rubbed off on the southern Indian merchants. merchant guilds in south, solidify caste system |
| What two factors led to the decline of Buddhism at the end of the first millennium? | Turkish invaders destroyed y looted stupas and shrines, y conquerors torched Buddhist libraries and killed or exiled monks vive in Nalanda in 1196. Islam and Hinduism both promised salvation to the devout, and that attracted a lot of Buddhists. |
| What was the appeal of devotional cults, particularly Vishnu and Shiva? | offered more personal, emotional salvation. when one chose to worship deities, more paths of worship were opened for that individual. When somebody worshiped them, they hoped that they would be able to form a mystic connection with the deity. |
| How did Shankara and Ramanuja’s philosophies differ? | Shankara - logical, intellectual system of thought, Ramanuja- spiritual, Hindu theology of salvation. Shankara -only logical, disciplined reasoning understand reality of Brahman, Ramanuja -personal union with deity is more important, |
| What was the main reason Indians converted to Islam? | So that the lower castes could be seen as equal and have a chance to improve their position in society. |
| Why was this often a failed attempt? | Even when they converted, they ended up stuck in the same social and economic standing because they were still seen as that caste. The social hierarchies and prejudices stayed even when they were Muslims. |
| Why were Sufis the most effective agents of conversion to Islam? | religiously tolerant and encouraged people to find Allah in their own way, allowing them to keep some of their old traditions while converting to the faith. They were also very devoted and sincere, which helped them attract converts. |
| What was the goal of the bhakti movement? | Hinduism and islam closer together. Guru Kabir,blind weaver, famous bhakti teacher and even said that Allah, Shiva, and Vishnu were all one deity. The movement was unsuccessful, but it helped build indian social and cultural communities in Islam. |
| What elements of Indian culture appealed to the rulers of Southeast Asia, and what elements did not appeal? | southeast Asia rulers liked a lot of Indian religions, faiths, and political organizations and structures. caste system was not adopted and the east asian rulers kept the nature deities and spirits that had been part of their culture for centuries. |
| Which Southeastern civilization was the first to adopt Indian ways? | The southeastern civilization to first adopt Indian ways in this manner was the Funan state, which was located near the lower reaches of the Mekong river. |
| How did the empire of Srivijaya finance and maintain its power? | They maintained their power and wealth by controlling commerce and trade routes. They compelled ports in southeast Asia to recognize their authority and they maintained a sea trade route that reached between China and India. |
| What Southeastern temple is the best example of Hindu and Buddhist influence on the region? | ankor thom,capital,khmers temple in center represented himilayak mount muru, sacred abode of shiva. temple y other smaller ones mirrored the Hindu world order, and in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries they even added Buddhist temples into the area. |
| Why did ruling elites gradually adopt Islam as a religion? | When ruling elites, traders, and other people came more and more in contact and had more dealings with foreign Muslims, they began to be interested in the faith. They did not push their subjects and force the islam faith on them though. |
| Which civilization had the strongest role in spreading Islam throughout the region? | Melaka,Hindu society,became predominantly Islam. In mid 5th century, ruling class adopted islam faith, y welcomed Muslim officials like sufis y authorities into city.supported the spread of Islam in southeast Asia. |
| did the Portuguese take over trade in Indian ocean basin in 1500s> | yes, by making treaties that made them have more land to use and by controlling passes and taking money from ships they didn't like there. |
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