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sociology exam 5-10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What would be an example of differential justice? | - Death penalty cases - Officials using their own discretion (bail, parole, charges). |
| police officers are much more likely to stop African American males than Caucasian males for routine traffic violations, in the expectation of finding drugs or guns in their cars. This example of differential justice is more commonly known as | racism / prejudice |
| What group would MOST likely be the focus of labeling theorists who are researching the power of some individuals or groups to define labels? | police officers, lawmakers, judges, etc. |
| In his study of the Saints and the Roughnecks, William Chambliss concluded that a key factor in the varying fortunes of the two groups was their differing what? | Social class positions |
| Which school of thought was used by Edwin Sutherland to emphasize that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions with others? | cultural transmisson |
| According to Robert Merton's typology, what is a retreatist? | A person who has basically retreated from both the goals and means of society |
| Arnold gets a perfect grade on his organic chemistry exam because he copies most of his answers from Stanley. According to Merton's strain theory of deviance, under which of the following categories would Arnold be classified? | innovator |
| In Robert Merton's terms, people who blindly apply bureaucratic rules and regulations without remembering the larger goals of the organization can be classified as | A ritualist |
| In his strain theory of deviance, what did Robert Merton create? | the categories/topology |
| When would anomie be likely to occur in a society? | “during times of significant social upheaval” - social integration is weak |
| What was Émile Durkheim's view of deviance? | - no act is herently criminal, it must serve a positive social function |
| How does imprisonment rates in the United States contrast to other countries? | It is much higher than any other country |
| What is a traditional example of transnational crime? | slavery |
| In a city on the East Coast, organized crime was dominated by an Italian "family," but they were eventually displaced by African Americans. This would be an example of _________________. | Ethnic succession |
| The work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs, prostitution, gambling, and other illegal activities is called _____________ crime. | organized |
| Dave, the president of a small corporation, has a wild weekend. He spends a night with a prostitute, gambles illegally, drinks excessively, and uses drugs. Some would suggest he has committed various ______________ crimes. | organized crimes |
| What are examples of white-collar crime? | Tax evasion, embezzlement, stock manipulation, fraud |
| Why does underreporting of crime in the United States often occur? | May not be worth the hassle of reporting, or a distrust in law enforcement. Women do not report rape or spousal abuse in fear they will get blamed. |
| What are index crimes? | The eight types of crime reported annually by the FBI in the Uniform Crime Reports: murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. |
| Sociologists use the term ______ to describe the process of labeling of someone as less than a whole person because they are perceived as being different. | stigma |
| The longer a couple is married, what is true about their chances of divorce? | it drops |
| What factor has contributed the MOST to the increasing number of married couples who choose to remain childless? | money |
| Cohabitation is LEAST common among which racial or ethnic group in the United States? | Asian americans |
| Among which racial and ethnic groups is cohabitation most common in the United States? | African and native americans |
| How do stepmothers compare to biological mothers on money spent toward children’s health, education, and food? | less healthcare , education and food spent towards children |
| What factors have contributed to the rise of dual-income families in the United States? | “opportunity and need”. Women have the opportunity to lead (education, jobs, occupational fields). However, it is harder to survive on a single income. |
| A teenage couple has a baby, and they agree that they are too young to raise it on their own. The girl's aunt and uncle cannot have a child of their own, and they all agree that it would be a good idea if they take legal custody of the baby. | adoption |
| A tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics and interests similar to one's own is known as ______________. | homogamy |
| According to Annette Lareau, middle- and upper-middle-class parents tend to see their children as what? | a project |
| In the United States, interracial marriages make up ________ percent of all married couples. | 8 |
| In most states in the United States, an individual is NOT permitted to marry a parent, a sibling, an aunt or uncle, a grandparent, or a first cousin. These rules reflect our societal emphasis on __________________. | incest taboo |
| Define incest taboo | a social norm common to virtually all societies. No sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives |
| Sarna, an Orthodox Jew, marries Nathan, a Reform Jew. Sarna is disowned by her parents because, as far as they are concerned, she has married outside their religion. She has violated the rule of ___________________. | endogamy |
| The majority of American believe that they will marry for what? | love |
| What did Friedrich Engels, a colleague of Karl Marx, note was the ultimate source of inequality? | family |
| What are characteristics of patriarchal societies? | Eldest male wields greatest power. |
| Who could be included within a functionalist family? | Anyone who fulfills the 6 functions. Members of a sports team, strong group of friends, etc. |
| What are the functions that William F. Ogburn argued the family provides? | - reproduction, socialization, protection, regulation of sexual behavior, affection and companionship, provision of social status |
| Who fits neatly into the substantive definition of the family? | Family defined by blood: parent, child, grandparent, aunt, uncle, etc |
| Societies where one woman can have more than one husband at the same time practice | polyandry |
| In Rosenthal and Jacobson's teacher-expectancy experiment, what is a "spurter"? | Children who showed particular academic potential |
| Sociologists draw on what perspective to better understand how education can reproduce existing systems of inequality? | correspondence principle |
| What are characteristics of families who homeschool? | White, two parents in household with only one working, parents with a bachelors degree, three or more children |
| Reynolds and Baird's study revealed that those who failed to achieve their educational dreams did not experience long-term frustrations over that failure. They called this response __________________. | Adaptive resilience ? |
| What has happened since women have been awarded greater opportunities in education? | - 58% of bachelors degrees went to women, college more likely to be taught by women professors, income differences |
| What is the "correspondence principle"? | schools reproduce the existing class structure by socializing students to embrace their social class position. |
| What is the "hidden curriculum”? | the knowledge associated with the correspondence principle—that is, teaching students to submit to authority and accept society’s dominant ideology |
| Define "tracking". | the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria |
| In most states, a significant percentage of funding for public schools comes from what? | Local property taxes |
| How do college campuses provide an environment for cultural innovation? | - pursuing new technologies, techniques, data, research, exploration of new ideas - “students can challenge existing values and norms to try out new ones.” |
| What term did Weber use to refer to a disciplined commitment to worldly labor driven by a desire to bring glory to God, shared by followers of Martin Luther and John Calvin? | Protestant ethic |
| What connection did Max Weber examine with religion? | Between religious faith and the rise of capitalism/social change |
| Which religions has variations within faiths? | Christianity -> presbyterians or episcopalians to Mormons and Greek orthodox catholics Hinduism, islam, etc. |
| What beliefs are shared by Christianity and Islam? | Both are: monotheistic, include a belief in prophets, an afterlife, and a judgement day |
| What is the most significant trend concerning religion in the United States? | Dramatic increase in the number of religiously unaffiliated individuals |
| What are new religious movements or cults? | NRM: a small, alternative faith community that represents either a new religion or a major innovation in an existing faith (historically the same thing as a cult) |
| Which of the following is the largest single denomination in the United States? | roman catholic |
| A religious organization that claims to include most or all members of a society and is recognized as the national or official religion is known as a(n) ____________________. | ecclesia |
| On the Jewish holiday of Passover, Jews are expected to eat matzo (unleavened bread) during their seder (holiday dinner) rather than the bread they eat during the rest of the year. Eating the matzo and having a seder are examples of religious | Religious ritual |
| Members of a religious group think that God meant for people "to be fruitful and multiply"; therefore, they permit men to have several wives at one time. This is an example of a religious | belief |
| In June 2009, when General Motors went bankrupt, ______ became its majority stockholder. | US government |
| What country has seen the highest percentage of GDP growth since 1980? | china |
| Why did Karl Marx think socialism was inevitable? | humans must produce, production makes us uniquely human, we pour ourselves into our products, economy determines society, scarcity and distribution are obstacles to the good of society. |
| A pharmaceuticals manufacturer develops a unique new drug that only it is capable of producing. The exclusive product allows the manufacturer to dictate prices, set standards of quality, and determine availability for the drug. This is an example of a(n) | monopoly |
| Laissez-faire is a form of ______, under which people compete freely, with minimal government intervention, in the marketplace. | Capitalism |
| Adam Smith described the law of supply and demand as what? | Invisible hand of the marketplace |
| What are principles of capitalism, according to Adam Smith? | pursuit of profit, competition in the market, the law of supply and demand, laissez-faire |
| What are the two basic types of economic systems that distinguish contemporary industrial societies? | capitalism and socialism |
| A recent trend is that U.S. companies are shifting ______ jobs to developing countries. | manufacturing |
| What is offshoring? | hiring foreign contractors to perform tasks, handle operations, or provide services for a company |
| A dress manufacturer closes a factory in South Carolina and moves the factory to Malaysia, where labor costs are lower. This is an example of | Deindustrialization and offshoring |
| The systematic, widespread reduction of investment in domestic manufacturing and material production is known as | deindustrialization |
| The social institution dedicated to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services is the | economy |
| What are examples of terrorism? | a targeted attack on electric substations, suicide bombing |
| Define totalitarianism. | virtually complete government control and surveillance over all aspects of a society’s social and political life |
| What tends to occur when there is lower voter turnout? | Government operates with less of a sense of accountability to society? “politicians are less likely to address issues of concern to marginalized groups” |
| What is true about past and present voter registration rates in the United States? | Less people have registered to vote in recent years |
| C. Wright Mills used the term "warlords" to refer to what? | power elite/heads of the military |
| Which model of power relations suggests that society is ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic interests? | Elite model |
| What is the pluralist model of power relations? | a view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government so that no single group is dominant |
| In the United States, women do not receive the same opportunities for advancement as men in part as a result of what? | Occupational gender segregation |
| Bourdieu believed that, because some culture is more highly valued than other culture, cultural capital is what? | A form of power |
| Which component of Weber's stratification system is exemplified by the Civil Rights movement in the United States? | Organizational resources |
| A measure of social class that is based on income, education, and occupation is referred to as ____________________. | Socioeconomic Status (SES) |
| Define prestige. | the respect and admiration that a particular status holds in society |
| What did Max Weber suggest were distinct components of stratification? | Class, status, and party, |
| The term used to describe a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests is __________________. | Dominant ideology |
| How did Marx believe that capitalism benefited society? | Encouraging technological innovations that reduce scarcity |
| In Karl Marx's view, social relations during any period of history depend on who controls the what? | Primary means of production |
| What contributes to a growing class divide in the United States? | Neighborhood segregation, educational segregation, social network segregation. |
| In the United States, research has shown what about intergenerational social mobility? | possible but usually involves only modest changes in status. |
| What is a meritocracy? | a system in which a person’s social status is achieved through ability and effort |
| The issue of social class in the United States is tied to what factors? | Wealth, income, education, and occupation |
| What did the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 establish? | It allows states to establish programs destined to move people from welfare and into jobs. |
| What term refers to the idea that the position you are born into is the position within which you will remain throughout life? | Ascribed social position |
| What term refers to a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole? | Relative poverty |
| What are examples of absolute poverty? | Not having the access to healthy food, decent housing, electricity, water |
| What is the trend of U.S. income inequality? | Increasing |
| A well-known Hollywood actress owns a home in Beverly Hills and another one on the French Riviera. She owns her own movie production company along with a large portfolio of stocks. The total value of the different things she owns is considered | wealth |
| In the United States, life chances are shaped primarily by ______________, _________, and _____________ resources. | Material, Social, and Cultural |
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