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Philosophy Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epistemology | Study of logic and reasoning |
| Epistemic Responsibility | People are responsible for thinking about their beliefs so they ensure their beliefs have good evidence |
| Empiricism | Experience is the best source of knowledge (mind is blank slate) |
| Rationalism | Reason is the best source of knowledge |
| A priori vs a posteriori | A priori = knowledge obtained by analyzing concepts, A posteriori = knowledge gained by experience |
| Analytic Proposition | Statement that is true by definition |
| Synthetic Proposition | Statement that requires empirical/sensory evidence (ex: snow is white) |
| Hermeneutics | Branch of knowledge dealing with interpretation of texts (bible) |
| W.K. Clifford | Believed we can't/it's immoral believe in things without adequate evidence |
| Chuang Zhu & The Butterfly Dream | Butterfly dream -> Unsure if you are a human dreaming of being a butterfly or a butterfly dreaming of being a human |
| Bertrand Russell & 5 Minute Earth Example | Earth could've started 5 minutes ago (everything could be an illusion), difficult to disprove |
| Rene’ Descartes & The Cogito, The Evil Genius | The cogito = "I think, therefore I am", Evil Demon/Genius = Evil demon trying to deceive him of everything, proves that the act of being deceived proves existence |
| Brain in the Vat (BIV) Argument | Your existence could just be a brain in a vat (Matrix) |
| John Locke & Tabula Rasa | Tabula Rasa = blank slate theory |
| Causal Theory of Perception | If someone sees an object, it is because the object caused that visual experience. |
| Primary & Secondary Qualities | Primary = mind-independent , inseparable qualities (figure, solidity) Secondary = subjective qualities (color, taste, etc.) |
| Nominal Essences | Abstract idea/definition we create for things based on their shared observable qualities |
| Noam Chomsky | "Father of modern linguistics", believed in innate linguistic capacity |
| William Berkeley | Created term esse est percipi |
| David Hume | Famous for skepticism and theories of causality |
| Skepticism | Theory that certain knowledge is impossible, being skeptical of everything |
| Esse est percipi | "To be is to be perceived" |
| Innate Linguistic Capacity | Inborn ability to learn/acquire language |
| William Alston & Idea that God only has Knowledge (not beliefs) | Important philosopher (McQuitty teacher) God aware of everything rather than having complex set of beliefs |
| Edmund Gettier III | American philosopher who challenged JTBs |
| Gettier problem | Problem seeking to disprove JTBs by showing someone can be true accidentally |
| Brand Blanchard | American philosopher known for rationalism and coherence definition of truth |
| William James | Father of American psych, did pragmatism |
| Pragmatism | Assessing truth of something by its practically or use |
| Immanuel Kant | German philosopher and enlightenment leader |
| Synthetic A Priori Knowledge | Info that can be known regardless of personal experience (7+5=12) |
| Transcendental Idealism | Our experience of reality is caused by the innate structure of our minds |
| Transcendental Deduction Argument | Basic rules of the human mind are common to all, ideas constitute reality through common categories |
| Martin Heidegger & Dasein | Dasein = being there, human existence |
| 3 continental rationalists | Rene Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibnetz all believed in reason and innate ideas were primary source of knowledge, not sensory experience |
| 3 British empiricists | Locke, Berkeley, and Hume all rejected innate knowledge as primary source of knowledge and placed emphasis on sensory experience |
| JTB (Justified True Belief) | True beliefs justified by evidence, widely believed for a long time to be fact. Disproven by Gettier problems |
| Problem of Induction (Hume) | Questioning whether past events can predict future scenarios |
| Problem of Causation (Hume) | Basically correlation doesn't equal causation |
| Correspondence Theory of Truth | Statement is true if it corresponds with true facts and things in the world |
| Coherence Theory of Truth | Statement is true if it coheres with a wider set of beliefs |
| Pragmatic Theory of Truth | Statements true by their practically and utility. Ex: double checking parachute is good -> true because it leads to more safety |
| Existential Theory of Truth | Statements true by personal experience not objective facts |
| Deflationary Theories of Truth | Truth doesn't need to be added on to objective things. Ex: snow is white, doesn't need "is true" added |
Created by:
rwancr