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A&P2 lab exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the serous membrane surrounding the heart? | Pericardium |
| What is the fibrous pericardium made of? | Dense connective tissue |
| What is the outer layer of the serous membrane called? | Parietal pericardium |
| What is the inner layer of the serous membrane that covers the heart? | Visceral pericardium |
| What is the purpose of serous fluid in the pericardial cavity? | Reduces friction between heart layers during contraction |
| What are the three layers of the heart? | Epicardium (outer), Myocardium (middle), Endocardium (inner) |
| What type of tissue makes up the myocardium? | Cardiac muscle tissue |
| What type of tissue makes up the epicardium? | Connective tissue |
| What type of tissue makes up the endocardium? | Simple squamous epithelium |
| cardiac muscle cells: | striated, Involuntary, uninucleate, and have intercalated discs |
| What are intercalated discs? | Connections between cardiac cells that allow electrical impulses to spread quickly for coordinated contraction |
| What do chordae tendineae do? | Anchor AV valve flaps to papillary muscles to prevent backflow |
| What do papillary muscles do? | Pull on chordae tendineae to keep valves closed during ventricular contraction |
| Which chamber receives oxygen-poor blood from the body? | Right atrium |
| Which valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle? | Tricuspid (right AV) valve |
| Which chamber pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs? | Right ventricle |
| Which valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk? | Pulmonary semilunar valve |
| Which vessels carry blood from the heart to the lungs? | Right and left pulmonary arteries |
| Which vessels bring oxygen-rich blood back to the heart? | Pulmonary veins |
| Which chamber receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs? | Left atrium |
| Which valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle? | Bicuspid (mitral, left AV) valve |
| Which chamber pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body? | Left ventricle |
| Which valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta? | Aortic semilunar valve |
| Which layer of the heart is supplied by coronary arteries? | Myocardium |
| What is the function of heart valves? | To ensure one-way blood flow through the heart |
| Describe the flow of blood through the heart. | Body → Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary semilunar valve → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Bicuspid valve → Left ventricle → Aortic semilunar valve → Aorta → Body |
| What does the SA node do? | Acts as the pacemaker by sending the electrical signal that starts each heartbeat |
| Where is the SA node located? | Right atrium below the superior vena cava |
| What does the AV node do? | Briefly delays the impulse so ventricles can fill before contracting |
| Where is the AV node located? | Lower atrial septum between atria and ventricles |
| What does the AV bundle (Bundle of His) do? | Carries impulses from the AV node into the interventricular septum |
| What do the bundle branches do? | Carry impulses down both sides of the septum toward the apex |
| What do Purkinje fibers do? | Spread electrical impulses through the ventricles, causing contraction |
| What is automaticity? | The heart’s ability to contract on its own without nervous input |
| What is an EKG? | A graphic recording of the heart’s electrical activity |
| What does the P wave represent? | Atrial depolarization |
| What does the QRS complex represent? | Ventricular depolarization |
| What does the T wave represent? | Ventricular repolarization |
| What does the PR interval represent? | Time from start of atrial depolarization to start of ventricular depolarization |
| What might a long PR interval indicate? | Partial AV heart block (damage to AV node) |
| What might a prolonged QRS complex indicate? | Bundle branch block (one ventricle contracts later) |
| What is bradycardia? | Slow heart rate below 60 bpm |
| What is tachycardia? | Fast heart rate above 100 bpm |
| What can prolonged tachycardia lead to? | fibrillation (uncoordinated contractions) |
| What is the interventricular septum? | Wall separating right and left ventricles |
| What is the interventricular sulcus? | External groove separating the ventricles |
| What is the apex of the heart? | Pointed tip that points down and to the left |
| What is the base of the heart? | Top of the heart where large vessels emerge |
| What is an artery? | A vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| What is a vein? | A vessel that carries blood toward the heart |
| blood flow of vessels: | heart→arteries→arterioles→capillaries→venules→veins→heart |
| What are the three layers of blood vessels? | Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa |
| What type of tissue is in the tunica intima? | simple squamous epithelium |
| What type of tissue is in the tunica media? | Smooth muscle |
| What type of tissue is in the tunica externa? | Connective tissue |
| What does the tunica media do? | Regulates vessel diameter and blood pressure |
| What does the tunica externa do? | Provides support and protection for the vessel |
| How do arteries differ from veins? | Arteries have thicker walls and more smooth muscle; veins have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow |
| Which two arteries supply the brain with oxygen and nutrients? | Internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries |
| Which artery carries blood to the spleen? | Splenic artery |
| Which artery carries blood to the stomach? | Gastric artery |
| Which artery carries blood to the liver? | Hepatic artery proper |
| Which arteries carry blood to the kidneys? | Renal arteries |
| Which arteries carry blood to the intestines? | Mesenteric arteries |
| Which artery is used to measure blood pressure? | Brachial artery |
| What is systole? | When the heart contracts, raising blood pressure |
| What is diastole? | When the heart relaxes, lowering blood pressure |
| What is systolic pressure? | Peak pressure during ventricular contraction |
| What is diastolic pressure? | Lowest pressure during ventricular relaxation |
| What is a normal blood pressure reading? | Less than 120/80 mmHg |
| What instrument is used to measure blood pressure? | Sphygmomanometer |
| What is a pulse? | felt when an artery is compressed |
| What factors affect blood pressure? | Heart rate, blood volume, resistance, vessel elasticity, and body position |
| splenic vein | drains spleen |
| gastric vein | drains stomach |
| hepatic portal vein | drains digestive organs and spleen and carries blood to liver to be processed before entering IVC |
| great saphenous vein | longest vein |
| mesenteric vein | drains intestines |
| vertebral and internal jugular vein | drain brain |
| median cubital vein | common site to draw blood |
| Identify the two main functions of the lymphatic system, | 1. Return interstitial fluid to the bloodstream 2. Provide defense against disease through immune responses |
| What is the fluid of the lymphatic system called?, | Lymph |
| What do lymphatic capillaries and vessels do?, | They collect lymph from tissues and return it to the blood vessels |
| What is edema?, | Swelling in tissues caused by interrupted or hindered lymph flow |
| What do lymphatic valves do?, | Prevent the backflow of lymph into interstitial spaces |
| Where does the right lymphatic duct drain Into?, | the right subclavian vein |
| Where does the thoracic duct drain Into?, | the left subclavian vein |
| What is the main function of B cells?, | They divide to form plasma cells that produce antibodies to monitor the blood (humoral immunity); mature in bone marrow |
| What is the main function of T cells?, | They attack viruses, bacteria, parasites, cancer cells, and foreign grafts (cell-mediated immunity); mature in the thymus |
| What is the main function of lymph nodes?, | They filter lymph, removing cell debris and foreign material |
| What is the name of a lymph node tissue under the microscope?, | reticular CT |
| What do afferent lymphatic vessels do?, | Carry lymph into the lymph node (A = arrive) |
| What do efferent lymphatic vessels do?, | Carry lymph out of the lymph node (E = exit) |
| What is found in the germinal centers of lymph nodes?, | B cells and T cells involved in immune response |
| What does the medulla of the lymph node contain?, | Macrophages that remove debris and act as phagocytes |
| What is the function of the thymus?, | It is responsible for the maturation of T cells |
| What are the functions of the spleen?, | Filters and cleanses blood, removes old RBCs and foreign substances, produces lymphocytes, and contains macrophages |
| Where are the tonsils located?, | In the oral cavity and nasopharynx |
| What is the function of the tonsils?, | They trap and remove pathogens entering the throat through food or air |
| pharyngeal, lingual, and palatine are examples of what tissue | tonsils |
Created by:
mahak