Question 1

Physiologic Jaundice

Accepted Answer

H: Onset after 24 hours of life.

Question 2

Breast Milk Jaundice

Accepted Answer

H: Jaundice onset after 3-5 days, continuing into weeks/months.

Question 3

ABO Incompatibility (Hemolysis)

Accepted Answer

H: Onset within the first 24 hours of life.

Question 4

Gilbert's Syndrome (for older children)

Accepted Answer

H: Intermittent jaundice, often with fasting or stress/illness.

Question 5

Familial Short Stature

Accepted Answer

H: Short stature in parents/family members.

Question 6

Constitutional Growth Delay

Accepted Answer

H: History of a family member being a "late bloomer" (delayed puberty).

Question 7

Growth Hormone Deficiency

Accepted Answer

H: Deceleration of growth rate (crossing centiles) over time.

Question 8

Chronic Systemic Disease

Accepted Answer

H: History of an underlying chronic illness (e.g., bloody stools in IBD).

Question 9

Constitutional Delay of Puberty

Accepted Answer

H: Delayed puberty in a parent ("late bloomer" family history).

Question 10

Central Precocious Puberty

Accepted Answer

H: Onset of secondary sex characteristics <8 in girls / <9 in boys.

Question 11

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

Accepted Answer

H: Puberty absent by late teens; often associated with anosmia (Kallmann).

Question 12

Primary Hypothyroidism

Accepted Answer

H: Early signs of slow growth, lethargy, or constipation.

Question 13

Iron Deficiency

Accepted Answer

H: Excessive cow's milk intake or prolonged vegetarian/vegan diet.

Question 14

Vitamin D Deficiency

Accepted Answer

H: Limited sun exposure or exclusively breastfed without supplementation.

Question 15

Fibre Deficiency

Accepted Answer

H: Diet low in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; frequent fast food.

Question 16

Folate Deficiency

Accepted Answer

H: History of chronic poor intake or use of certain medications (e.g., methotrexate).

Question 17

Measles

Accepted Answer

H: History of prodromal fever/cough/coryza/conjunctivitis.

Question 18

Mumps

Accepted Answer

H: History of fever and pain when chewing.

Question 19

Rubella

Accepted Answer

H: History of a mild, non-specific prodrome.

Question 20

Varicella (Chickenpox)

Accepted Answer

H: Exposure history 10-21 days prior; rash started on the trunk.

Question 21

Hypovolemic Shock

Accepted Answer

H: History of significant fluid loss (vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage).

Question 22

Septic Shock

Accepted Answer

H: History of preceding infection (e.g., pneumonia, cellulitis, UTI).

Question 23

Cardiogenic Shock

Accepted Answer

H: History of known heart disease or acute event (e.g., myocarditis).

Question 24

Anaphylactic Shock

Accepted Answer

H: Recent exposure to a known or new allergen (food, sting, medication).

Question 25

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Accepted Answer

H: Symptoms of heart failure (poor feeding, diaphoresis) if large.

Question 26

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

Accepted Answer

H: Often asymptomatic until later childhood or adulthood.

Question 27

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Accepted Answer

H: Often symptomatic in preemies; history of recurrent lung infections.

Question 28

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

Accepted Answer

H: History of cyanotic spells (Tet Spells); squatting behavior in older children.

Question 29

Allergic (Extrinsic) Asthma

Accepted Answer

H: Symptoms triggered by specific allergens (dust, pollen, pets).

Question 30

Viral-induced Asthma

Accepted Answer

H: Wheezing episodes occur exclusively during/after a cold or viral illness.

Question 31

Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction

Accepted Answer

H: Symptoms occur 5-15 minutes into strenuous physical activity.

Question 32

Cough-variant Asthma

Accepted Answer

H: Chronic, persistent, non-productive cough (especially at night).

Question 33

Congenital Hypothyroidism

Accepted Answer

H: Neonatal lethargy, poor feeding, or prolonged jaundice.

Question 34

Acquired Primary Hypothyroidism

Accepted Answer

H: Gradual onset of fatigue, cold intolerance, constipation.

Question 35

Hyperthyroidism (Graves' Disease)

Accepted Answer

H: Unexplained weight loss with increased appetite; nervousness.

Question 36

Thyroid Nodules

Accepted Answer

H: Sensation of a lump in the neck or hoarseness.

Question 37

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

Accepted Answer

H: History of salt-wasting crisis (vomiting, dehydration) in a neonate.

Question 38

Addison's Disease (Primary Adrenal Insufficiency)

Accepted Answer

H: Gradual onset of fatigue, weakness, salt craving.

Question 39

Cushing's Syndrome

Accepted Answer

H: Slow growth despite weight gain.

Question 40

Adrenal Tumors (e.g., Pheochromocytoma)

Accepted Answer

H: Paroxysmal (episodic) symptoms of headache, palpitations, sweating.

Question 41

Infections (e.g., Tuberculosis, Abscesses)

Accepted Answer

H: History of exposure (TB) or persistent, localized symptoms after an illness.

Question 42

Connective Tissue/Inflammatory Diseases

Accepted Answer

H: Fever pattern (e.g., quotidian fever in Systemic JIA) with joint symptoms.

Question 43

Neoplastic Diseases (e.g., Leukemia, Lymphoma)

Accepted Answer

H: Unexplained night sweats, easy bruising, bone pain.

Question 44

Miscellaneous Causes (e.g., Drug fever)

Accepted Answer

H: Recent new medication or drug exposure history.

Question 45

Roseola Infantum (HHV-6)

Accepted Answer

H: High fever (3-5 days) that resolves before the rash appears.

Question 46

Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease - Parvovirus B19)

Accepted Answer

H: History of preceding mild, non-specific cold symptoms.

Question 47

Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Coxsackievirus)

Accepted Answer

H: History of painful oral intake; exposure at daycare.

Question 48

Varicella (Chickenpox)

Accepted Answer

H: Rash started on the trunk; appears in "crops."

Question 49

Acute Gastroenteritis

Accepted Answer

H: Acute onset of vomiting and non-bloody diarrhea.

Question 50

Constipation

Accepted Answer

H: Painful defecation and stool withholding behavior.

Question 51

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Accepted Answer

H: Frequent post-prandial vomiting (spitting up); irritability after feeds.

Question 52

Functional Abdominal Pain/IBS

Accepted Answer

H: Chronic, recurrent abdominal pain not associated with alarming symptoms.

Question 53

Childhood Absence Epilepsy

Accepted Answer

H: Brief, frequent episodes of staring/blanking out with sudden onset/offset.

Question 54

Benign Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes (Rolandic Epilepsy)

Accepted Answer

H: Seizures occur primarily at night/upon waking; face/mouth jerking.

Question 55

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME)

Accepted Answer

H: History of brief, involuntary muscle jerks (myoclonus) upon waking.

Question 56

Infantile Spasms (West Syndrome)

Accepted Answer

H: Clusters of sudden, brief flexor/extensor spasms in an infant.

Question 57

Celiac Disease

Accepted Answer

H: Symptoms begin after the introduction of gluten (wheat, barley, rye).

Question 58

Cystic Fibrosis (Pancreatic insufficiency)

Accepted Answer

H: History of recurrent respiratory infections and very foul-smelling, fatty stools (steatorrhea).

Question 59

Chronic Diarrhea/Gastroenteritis

Accepted Answer

H: Diarrhea lasting >2 weeks (e.g., post-infectious diarrhea).

Question 60

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Accepted Answer

H: Bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.

Question 61

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

Accepted Answer

H: Petechiae onset 1-4 weeks after a viral illness in a well child.

Question 62

Viral Infections

Accepted Answer

H: Non-specific prodrome of fever, malaise, or rash.

Question 63

Invasive Meningococcal Disease

Accepted Answer

H: Rapid progression of fever, headache, and toxicity.

Question 64

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) / IgA Vasculitis

Accepted Answer

H: History of recent URTI; onset of colicky abdominal pain and joint pain.

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