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chapter 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| pulmonary vein | Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart |
| pulmonary artery | carries de oxygenated blood to the lungs |
| pericardium | Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart |
| Arteries | vessels that lead away from the heart. - thick- The largest type of blood vessel |
| Veins | move deoxygenated blood toward the heart - thinner - have valves |
| Capillaries | the smallest vessels. They form the point of exchange for oxygen and nutrients into body cells and waste products coming from body cells. |
| Atrium | Upper chambers of the heart Receives blood and pass it to the ventricles |
| valve | Between chambers or exits Controls one-way flow - open and close (gate) |
| Tricuspid valve | between the right atrium and right ventricle - Carries de oxygenated blood |
| Pulmonary valve | between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery - carries de oxygenated blood |
| Mitral valve | between the left atrium and left ventricle - carries oxygenated blood |
| Aortic valve | between the left atrium and aorta - carries oxygenated blood |
| ventricle | two lower chambers of the heart. Pump blood out of the heart. |
| left | to the body - oxygenated |
| right | to the lungs - deoxygenated |
| superior vena cava | The largest vein in the body carries deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body — like your head, neck, arms, and chest — to the right atrium of the heart. |
| inferior vena cava | carries deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body — like your legs, abdomen, and lower organs — to the right atrium of the heart. |
| Aorta | the largest artery in the body It carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the entire body. |
| Diastole | relaxed heartbeat |
| Systole | contaction/heartbeat |
| diastole-systole cardiac cycle occurs?: | 70 to 80 times per minute (100,000 times per day) 3 ounces of blood with each contraction |
| lubb sound | closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves (AV valves) at the beginning of systole/ It marks the start of ventricular contraction (systole) |
| dubb sound | closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves (semilunar valves) at the end of systole/ It marks the end of contraction and start of relaxation (diastole). |
| murmur | an abnormal heart sound caused by improper valve closure |
| Sinoatrial node (SA node): | the pacemaker of the heart - begins wave of excitation |
| Atrioventricular node (AV node): | sends the excitation wave to a bundle of specialized fibers called the atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His. |
| Bundle of His | Helps form conduction myofibers that extend to ventricle walls and stimulate them to contract, beginning systole. |
| P wave Electrocardiogram | spread of excitation wave over the atria just before contraction |
| QRS wave Electrocardiogram | spread of excitation wave over the ventricles as the ventricles contract |
| T wave Electrocardiogram | electrical recovery and relaxation of ventricles. |
| If the S-T segment is elevated in electrocardiogram: | indicates heart attack |
| sphygmomanometer | measures blood pressure |
| blood pressure measure fraction: | systolic pressure/diastolic pressure |
| apex | lower tip of the heart |
| coronary arteries | Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle |
| endocardium | Inner lining of the heart |
| endothelium | Innermost lining of blood vessels |
| myocardium | Muscular, middle layer of the heart |
| normal sinus rhythm | Heart rhythm originating in sinoatrial node with resting rate of 60-100 beats/mi |
| septum (plural: septa) | wall of tissue that separates the left and right sides of the heart, ensuring proper blood flow and preventing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. |
| Arrhythmias | Irregular heartbeats/ flutter |
| Congestive heart disease (CHF) | : The heart is unable to pump the required amount of blood. • result of high blood pressure and coronary artery disease Results in pulmonary edema |
| Coronary artery disease | narrowing of coronary arteries |
| Atherosclerosis | causes CAD buildup of cholesterol plaque in coronary arteries |
| Drug therapies for CAD | Nitrates (nitroglycerin) Aspirin Beta-blockers ACE inhibitors Calcium channel blockers Statins |
| Bradycardia | slow heart rate |
| Fibrillation | rapid, irregular, and uncoordinated heart contractions (over 350 beats per minute). |
| Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery | surgical- takes a healthy blood vessel from another part of your body (like your leg, arm, or chest) and creates a new path for blood to go around (bypass) the blockage. This helps restore normal blood flow to the heart muscle. |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) | non surgical- insert balloon and stent to open the blocked artery directly. |
| AV valves | (mitral and tricuspid |
| semilunar valves | (aortic and pulmonary |
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