Question 1

breaks down, releases energy, an example:

Accepted Answer

-catabolic/exergonic,
-negative delta G
-reactant is higher, product is lower
-cellular respiraiton, digestion

Question 2

builds, uses/stores energy, an example:

Accepted Answer

-anabolic/endergonic
-positive delta G
-reactant is lower, product is higher
-photosynthesis

Question 3

competitive inhibition:

Accepted Answer

blocks active site, slows down rxn

Question 4

noncompetitive inhibition:

Accepted Answer

binds to other side (not active side, called alleosteric site) to alter active site, slowing down rxn rate even more bc the cell needs to make new enzyme bc its permately changed

Question 5

feedback inhibition and why is it important:

Accepted Answer

stops the amount of product made eariler on in the process so the enzyme does not overproduce to maintain homeostasis , ensuring to only produce enough product as necessary

Question 6

claim, evidence, reasoning:

Accepted Answer

claim: prediction
evidence: bases on data, graph, etc
reasoning: backed up by science, what you know about ap bio

Question 7

cellular respiration formula:

Accepted Answer

C6H12O6 + O2 + heat (on arrow) --> CO2 + H2O + ATP

Question 8

steps in cellular respiration:

Accepted Answer

glycolysis, chemiosmosis, krebs, oxidation of pyruvate

Question 9

steps in photosynthesis:

Accepted Answer

light independent/calvin cycle, light dependent/photophosphorilation

Question 10

photsynthesis formula:

Accepted Answer

CO2 + H2O + light (in arrow) --> C6H12O6 + O2

Question 11

glycolysis:

Accepted Answer

-in cytoplasm
-has glucose --> makes pyruvate, net gain 2 ATP, NADH
-leads to either fermentation bc it has no oxygen or to oxidation of pyruvate if it has oxygen

Question 12

fermentation:

Accepted Answer

-in cytoplasm
-after glycolysis w/o oxygen
-used to recycle NAD+ and net gain of 2 ATP

Question 13

oxidation of pyruvate:

Accepted Answer

-in matrix of mitochondria
-has pyruvate --> acteyl, co2, NADH

Question 14

krebs cycle:

Accepted Answer

-in matrix of mitochondria
-CH2O (sugar) --> CO2, NADH, FADH, ATP

Question 15

oxidative phosphorulation:

Accepted Answer

steps of ETC and chemiosmosis

Question 16

ETC:

Accepted Answer

-on inner membrane
-NADH and FADH2 (carriers) --> makes ATP and H+ gradient
-O2 as final acceptor --> H2O 
-electrons release H+ to then make a proton gradient along the IMS

Question 17

chemiosmosis (in cellular resp):

Accepted Answer

-inner mitochondria's membrane
-H+ and ADP + Pi --> ATP
-ATP synthase (mushroom) is spinned by the H+ moving through creating ATP from ADP + Pi
-leftover H bond with O2 from the ETC to make H2O

Question 18

substrate level phosphorlyation:

Accepted Answer

-A phosphate group is removed from a substrate and directly added to ADP, creating ATP
-ex: glycolysis, krebs

Question 19

endotherms:

Accepted Answer

-regulate own body temp
-ex: humans
-cold = generate heat through resp. & add  openings to inner membrane so protons go through to generate heat W/O ATP
-hot = use energy to cool down
-can live near polls (top & bottom) bc they can regulate body temp

Question 20

ecotherms:

Accepted Answer

-cannot regulate own body temp
-ex: lizards, reptiles
-use enviroment to regulate body temp
-hot = shade
-cold = sun
-live near equator (middle) bc its a consistent warm temp

Question 21

light dependent rxn/photophosphorilation:

Accepted Answer

- thylakoid membrane
-light and H2O, NADP+, ADP + Pi --> O2, ATP, NADPH
-light energy excites e- --> caught by primary acceptor --> H2O split into H+ and O2 --> H+ goes by ETC and creates gradient in LUMEN --> O2 produces is a by-product

Question 22

light independent/calvin cycle:

Accepted Answer

-stroma
-CO2, ATP, NADPH --> NADP+, ADP + Pi
-3 main phases: carbon fixiation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP

Question 23

REDOX:

Accepted Answer

RE: gain electrons/H+ (ex: CH12O2 --> CO2
DOX: loses electrons/H+ (ex: O2 --> H2O)

Question 24

lumen vs stroma:

Accepted Answer

lumen: liquid INSIDE tykaloid
stroma: liquid OUTSIDE thylakoid, inside the cytoplasm

Question 25

chemiosmosis in photosynthesis vs resp.:

Accepted Answer

location (of where and H+ gradient), energy source, ATP use, electron source, final electron acceptor, resulting molecule

Question 26

processes that do NOT produce ATP:

Accepted Answer

-oxidation of pyruvate
-fermenation
-calvin cycle/light independent cycle

(OFC)

Question 27

reason for double membrane system:

Accepted Answer

so in between can create the proton gradient

Question 28

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic

Accepted Answer

aerobic: w/ oxygen
anaerobic: w/o oxygen

Question 29

organic vs inorganic:

Accepted Answer

-these are COMPOUNDS! so they have to have more than one element (so oxygen cannot be inorganic)
-organic: linked with carbon
-inorganic: does not have carbon
-exception: CO2 and CO is inorganic even tho it has a carbon

Question 30

w/ enzyme and w/o enzyme reaction:

Accepted Answer

w/ enzyme: product is
w/o enzyme:

Question 31

3 main phases in the calvin cycle:

Accepted Answer

-carbon fixation
-reduction
-regeneration or RuBP

Question 32

control in an experiment:

Accepted Answer

what is not changed in an experiment so you can expect what to happen that is used for the experimental group, what is being changed

Question 33

what does NADPH do in the calvin cycle/light independent:

Accepted Answer

provides electrons to reduce CO2 into G3P

Question	Answer
breaks down, releases energy, an example:	-catabolic/exergonic, -negative delta G -reactant is higher, product is lower -cellular respiraiton, digestion
builds, uses/stores energy, an example:	-anabolic/endergonic -positive delta G -reactant is lower, product is higher -photosynthesis
competitive inhibition:	blocks active site, slows down rxn
noncompetitive inhibition:	binds to other side (not active side, called alleosteric site) to alter active site, slowing down rxn rate even more bc the cell needs to make new enzyme bc its permately changed
feedback inhibition and why is it important:	stops the amount of product made eariler on in the process so the enzyme does not overproduce to maintain homeostasis , ensuring to only produce enough product as necessary
claim, evidence, reasoning:	claim: prediction evidence: bases on data, graph, etc reasoning: backed up by science, what you know about ap bio
cellular respiration formula:	C6H12O6 + O2 + heat (on arrow) --> CO2 + H2O + ATP
steps in cellular respiration:	glycolysis, chemiosmosis, krebs, oxidation of pyruvate
steps in photosynthesis:	light independent/calvin cycle, light dependent/photophosphorilation
photsynthesis formula:	CO2 + H2O + light (in arrow) --> C6H12O6 + O2
glycolysis:	-in cytoplasm -has glucose --> makes pyruvate, net gain 2 ATP, NADH -leads to either fermentation bc it has no oxygen or to oxidation of pyruvate if it has oxygen
fermentation:	-in cytoplasm -after glycolysis w/o oxygen -used to recycle NAD+ and net gain of 2 ATP
oxidation of pyruvate:	-in matrix of mitochondria -has pyruvate --> acteyl, co2, NADH
krebs cycle:	-in matrix of mitochondria -CH2O (sugar) --> CO2, NADH, FADH, ATP
oxidative phosphorulation:	steps of ETC and chemiosmosis
ETC:	-on inner membrane -NADH and FADH2 (carriers) --> makes ATP and H+ gradient -O2 as final acceptor --> H2O -electrons release H+ to then make a proton gradient along the IMS
chemiosmosis (in cellular resp):	-inner mitochondria's membrane -H+ and ADP + Pi --> ATP -ATP synthase (mushroom) is spinned by the H+ moving through creating ATP from ADP + Pi -leftover H bond with O2 from the ETC to make H2O
substrate level phosphorlyation:	-A phosphate group is removed from a substrate and directly added to ADP, creating ATP -ex: glycolysis, krebs
endotherms:	-regulate own body temp -ex: humans -cold = generate heat through resp. & add openings to inner membrane so protons go through to generate heat W/O ATP -hot = use energy to cool down -can live near polls (top & bottom) bc they can regulate body temp
ecotherms:	-cannot regulate own body temp -ex: lizards, reptiles -use enviroment to regulate body temp -hot = shade -cold = sun -live near equator (middle) bc its a consistent warm temp
light dependent rxn/photophosphorilation:	- thylakoid membrane -light and H2O, NADP+, ADP + Pi --> O2, ATP, NADPH -light energy excites e- --> caught by primary acceptor --> H2O split into H+ and O2 --> H+ goes by ETC and creates gradient in LUMEN --> O2 produces is a by-product
light independent/calvin cycle:	-stroma -CO2, ATP, NADPH --> NADP+, ADP + Pi -3 main phases: carbon fixiation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP
REDOX:	RE: gain electrons/H+ (ex: CH12O2 --> CO2 DOX: loses electrons/H+ (ex: O2 --> H2O)
lumen vs stroma:	lumen: liquid INSIDE tykaloid stroma: liquid OUTSIDE thylakoid, inside the cytoplasm
chemiosmosis in photosynthesis vs resp.:	location (of where and H+ gradient), energy source, ATP use, electron source, final electron acceptor, resulting molecule
processes that do NOT produce ATP:	-oxidation of pyruvate -fermenation -calvin cycle/light independent cycle (OFC)
reason for double membrane system:	so in between can create the proton gradient
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic	aerobic: w/ oxygen anaerobic: w/o oxygen
organic vs inorganic:	-these are COMPOUNDS! so they have to have more than one element (so oxygen cannot be inorganic) -organic: linked with carbon -inorganic: does not have carbon -exception: CO2 and CO is inorganic even tho it has a carbon
w/ enzyme and w/o enzyme reaction:	w/ enzyme: product is w/o enzyme:
3 main phases in the calvin cycle:	-carbon fixation -reduction -regeneration or RuBP
control in an experiment:	what is not changed in an experiment so you can expect what to happen that is used for the experimental group, what is being changed
what does NADPH do in the calvin cycle/light independent:	provides electrons to reduce CO2 into G3P

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ap bio test 2