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Bio Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| aerobic | requires oxygen |
| anaerobic | no oxygen |
| what came before the nucleus | prokaryote |
| prokaryote cell | does not have a nucleus |
| what cell type does not have membrane bound organelles | prokaryotic cells |
| eukaryote | has a nucleus |
| what cell type has membrane bound organelles | eukaryotic cells |
| eukaryote cell organelle's responsibility 1 | support and communication between cells |
| membrane | phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell |
| what makes the phospholipid bilayer | two rows of phospholipids with the hydrophilic heads on the outside and the hydrophobic tails touching |
| cytoskeleton | gives the cell shape |
| microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, and spindle | parts of the cytoskeleton |
| microfilaments | just underneath the cell membrane |
| intermediate filaments | cell shape |
| microtubules | carries motor proteins to where its needed |
| what else is microtubules responsible for | transport and signaling |
| spindle | separates chromosomes during cell division |
| cell wall | keeps the plant upright and keeps it's shape |
| what do plant cells have that animal cells don't | a cell wall |
| how is the cell wall supported by the vacuole | when the vacuole is full of water, the plant stands straight. when the vacuole is empty, the plant wilts |
| plasmodesmata | are cell junctions that allow plant tissue to share water, nutrients, and chemical messengers |
| eukaryote cell organelle's responsibility 2 | information storage and expression |
| nucleus | holds DNA and chromosomes |
| ribosome | takes info from the nucleus and makes it into protein |
| ribosomes have | no membrane |
| endomembrane system | works to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins |
| endomembrane system contains | rough er, smooth er, and the golgi |
| rough er | processes and moves membrane bound proteins |
| rough er has | ribosomes on the surface |
| smooth er | creates enzymes necessary for lipid synthesis and processing |
| smooth er does not have | ribosomes |
| what happens with proteins in the er | translated into the inside of the er. These proteins get modified as needed and is sent to the golgi |
| what happens with lipids in the er | get incorporated into the membrane of the er and goes to the golgi |
| golgi | sorts all vesicles from the er and outside, then sends it to its final desination |
| vesicles and vacuoles | are membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport |
| lysosome | house enzymes that break down ingested substances and damaged organelles |
| mitochondria and chloroplasts have | 2 membranes |
| what do the mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common | both give energy to cells |
| cellular respiration | is the process where your cells take food and turn it into energy (glucose to atp) |
| mitochondria contains | their own membrane system, ribosomes, and DNA |
| membrane protein | decides what goes through the cell based on what the cell needs |
| eukaryote cell organelle's responsibility | energy processing |
| photosynthesis | the conversion of light energy from the sun to chemical energy in the form of sugar molecules |
| chloroplasts convert | solar energy into chemical energy |
| plasma membrane | separates cytoplasm from external environment |
| phospholipids in the membrane | have different properties and make the membrane stiffer or more flexible |
| cholesterol in the membrane | makes it less fluid |
| fluid mosaic model | describes the structure and function of the plasma membrane in cells |
| selectively permiable | only some materials cross the membrane |
| passive transport | diffusion of materials through the membrane along the concentration gradient |
| active transport | energy required for materials to move from low to high concentration against the concentration gradient |
| diffusion | the natural movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | if diffusion is moving slow, proteins act as enzymes to speed up movement for the cell |
| membrane proteins give | different membranes different properties |
| membrane protein: marker protein | like a name tag |
| membrane protein: channel protein | uncontrolled transport |
| membrane protein: transport protein | regulated transport |
| membrane protein: signaling protein | send messages |
| membrane protein structure integral : | transmembrane |
| membrane protein structure peripheral: | surface |
| net diffusion | the overall direction of how moleculesmove |
| equilibrium | molecules movement is balanced |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across a membrane |
| extracellular matrix (ECM) | scaffolding, transport, and structure |
| tight junctions (ECM) | does not allow things to pass through the cell |
| anchoring junctions (ECM) | holds cells together |
| tight junctions are | not leakproof |
| anchoring junctions are | leakproof |
| gap junctions (ECM) | channels that connect cells to each other to share things |
| anchoring junctions are known as | desmosomes |
| gap junctions are known as | plasmodesmata |
| tissues | are groups of cells with a common purpose |
| epithelial tissue | acts as a barrier in the body |
| DNA structure contains | a double helix, sugar phosphate backbone, and nucleotide base pair |
| DNA strands are connected by | hydrogen bonds |
| the tertiary structure of DNA is when it | becomes twisted |
| nucleotides contain | a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base |
| DNA strands pairing means | its complementary |
| z direction of DNA | is anti parallel |
| A connects to | T |
| C connects to | G |
| DNA's monomer is | a nucleotide |
| DNA's polymer is | nucleic acid |
| complementary | one only goes with the other: A=T/C=G |
| anti parallel means | DNA strands go in opposite direction where one side starts with a sugar and ends with a phosphate, and the other strand starts with a phosphate and ends with a sugar |
| nucleosome | 6 feet of DNA is wrapped around a histone |
| number of chomosomes | 46 |
| 1st enzyme in replication | helicase |
| what does helicase do | breaks hydrogen bonds to open the helix to form a bubble |
| 2nd enzyme in replication | primase |
| what does primase do | makes RNA primer that is complimentary to the strand bubble |
| 3rd enzyme in replication | DNA polymerase 1 |
| what does DNA polymerase do | copies primase to the rest of the bubble in the direction of the helicase |
| lagging side | if there is no primase on the other side of the bubble, primase must make fragments and DNA polymerase will circle back to copy the rest of the bubble side |
| okazachi fragments | the fragments made by primase on the lagging side |
| 4th enzyme in replication | DNA polymerase 2 |
| what does DNA polymerase 2 do | removes the primer when bubbles meet |
| 5th enzyme in replication | ligase |
| what does ligase do | sticks the fragments together to close the helix bubble to make DNA strand |
| replication cell cycle name | "s phase" |
| what does "s phase" stand for | synthesis of DNA |
| cell cycle steps | 1. G1 | 2. S phase | 3. G2 | 4. M phase |
| in G1, if the cell won't divide | the cell doesn't go to "s phase" |
| check points | proteins that stop and check if the cell is ready for the next step of the cell cycle |
| when do cells stop copying DNA | when cells are exposed and no longer needs new DNA (skin) |
| interphase | steps 1-3 of the cell cycle |
| G1 | cell division recovery in preparation for "s phase" |
| G2 | after replication preparation for division |
| Metaphase | where mitosis happens |
| mitosis | process of condensing and later splitting chromosomes |
| G1 check point | is cell division done and are all chromosomes present |
| G2 check point | is replication done and are there any damaged chromosomes |
| check point challenge | if the check point is challenged, the cell will not continue |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death where the cell eats itself to avoid tumor growth |
| apoptosis happens if | replication is unsuccessful for a long time |
| metaphase check point | are all chromosomes connected to the spindle on both sides and split in opposite directions |
| mitosis steps | PMAT |
| Pmat | prophase |
| what happens in prophase | the nuclear envelope dissolves |
| prophase is the only time | DNA leaves the nucleus |
| pMat | metaphase |
| what happens during metaphase | chromosomes line up at the center |
| pmAt | anaphase |
| what happens during anaphase | spindle fibers pull chromosomes to opposite sides |
| pmaT | telophase |
| what happens during telophase | a new nucleus forms from a new nuclear envelope |
| RNA is mostly | single stranded |
| RNA has one more | oxygen than DNA |
| RNA has does not have T | it has U instead. A=U/C=G |
| initiation promoter | DNA sequence |
| initiation transcription factors | proteins that connects to the promoter to open the helix |
| TATA box | part of the promoter. literally T=A/T=A |
| RNA is complimentary to | the template |
| RNA is identical to | the non template |
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