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ancient China vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| loess | fine windblown yellow soil |
| clan | group of families with a common ancestor |
| dynastic cycle | rise and fall of Chinese dynasties according to the mandate of heaven |
| feudalism | loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord |
| philosophy | system of ideas |
| filial piety | respect for parents |
| oracle bone | in Shang China, animal bone or turtle shell used by priests to predict the future |
| characters | written symbols in writing systems such as that of the Chinese |
| calligraphy | the art of producing beautiful handwriting |
| Confucius | a brilliant scholar who went from court to court teaching rulers how to govern before later creating a philosophy that was concerned with worldly goals. he also taught that rulers had to provide good government. and a system of respect |
| Laozi | the founder of Daoism which was the 2nd school of thought that influenced China |
| legalism | the belief that China's problems could be solved through rules and laws spelled out clearly and enforced through a system of punishments and rewards |
| Confucianism | a belief that people had to accept that other people were superior to them and the superiors should care for the lesser people and in turn the lesser people should serve their superiors |
| Daoism | a belief that humans should focus more on nature. with behavior more spontaneous, individualistic, and naturally aligned with nature |
| Ban Zhao | a female writer who called for greater attention to the education of girls who wrote a work called lessons for women |
| monopoly | complete control of a product or business by one person or a group |
| expansionism | policy of increasing the amount of territory a government holds |
| civil servants | government officials |
| warlords | local military rulers |
| acupuncture | medical treatment, originating in ancient China, in which needles are inserted into the skin at specific points to relieve pain or treat various illnesses |
| Shi Huangdi | the ruler of the Qin dynasty who called himself the first emperor, his methods were brutal but he set up patterns in the government and more that shape the future of Chinese civilization |
| Wudi | A Han emperor who strengthened the government and economy of China, he chose Confucian men as officials and set up a imperial university at Xian |
| tang dynasty | Chinese dynast from 618 to 907 |
| tributary state | independent state that has to acknowledge the supremacy of another state and pay tribute to its ruler |
| land reform | break up of large agricultural holdings for redistribution among peasants |
| song dynasty | Chinese dynasty from 960 to 1279 |
| gentry | wealthy, landowning class |
| dowry | in some societies, a payment a brides family make to the bride's groom and his family; a payment a woman brings into marriage |
| pagoda | Multi-storied Buddhist temple with eaves that curve up at corners |
| Tang Taizhong | the 2nd emperor of the tang dynasty who was a brilliant general, government reformer, historian, and a master of the calligraphy brush and became Chinas most admired emperor |
| steppe | sparse, dry, treeless grassland |
| yuan dynasty | Chinese dynasty ruled by the Mongols from 1279 to 1368, best known ruler was Kublai khan |
| Ming dynasty | Chinese dynasty in which Chinese rule was restored, it held power from 1368 to 1644 |
| Genghis khan | a Mongol chieftain with a reputation for fierceness who united the warring Mongol tribes and under his leadership the Mongols captured a vast empire stretching from the pacific ocean to eastern Europe |
| Kublai khan | Genghis khans grandson who toppled the last song emperor and made it so only Mongols could serve on the military and the highest positions in government could only be held by Mongols or other non Chinese people |
| Marco Polo | an Italian merchant who reached China during the yuan empire who wrote vivid accounts of China's wealth and splendor and these reports and others he made like them sparked European interest in the riches of Asia |
| Zheng he | a Chinese admiral and diplomat who traveled to and explored the coasts of southeast Asia, India, and the entrances to the red sea and Persian gulf visiting many ports in east Africa allowing merchants to settle in these areas |
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