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AFOQT Aviation Info
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| absolute altitude | the actual distance between an aircraft and the terrain over which it is flying |
| absolute pressure | pressure measured from the reference of zero pressure, or a vacuum |
| accelerometer | a part of an inertial navigation system that accurately measures the force of acceleration in one direction |
| air data computer (ADC) | aircraft computer that receives and sends processes pitot pressure, static pressure, and temp to calculate very precise altitude, indicated and true airspeed, air temp |
| automatic direction finder (ADF) | |
| attitude director indicator (ADI) | |
| advection fog | fog resulting from the movement of warm, humid air over a cold surface |
| adverse yaw | a condition of flight in which the nose of the airplane tends to yaw toward the outside of the turn because the byproduct of the lift of the outside wing during the turn is drag |
| aeronautical chart | map in air navigation containing all or some: topographical features, hazards and obstructions, navigation aids, routes, airports |
| agonic line | irregular imaginary line across the surface of the earth along which the magnetic and geographic poles are in alignment, and along which there is no magnetic variation |
| aileron | primary flight control surface mounted on trailing edge of wing near the tip. control roll about the longitudinal axis |
| airfoil | any surface, such as wing, propeller, rudder, or trim tab, which provides aerodynamic force when it reacts with a moving stream of air |
| AIRMET | inflight weather advisory |
| airspeed | rate of the aircraft's progress through the air |
| airspeed indicator | a differential pressure gauge that measures the dynamic pressure of the air through which the aircraft is flying. displays the craft's airspeed, typically in knots, to the pilot |
| airway | based on a centerline that extends from one navigation aid or intersection to another navigation aid, used to establish a known route for en route procedures between terminal areas, aka roads in the sky |
| als | approach lighting system |
| altimeter | a flight instrument that indicates altitude by sensing pressure changes |
| altimeter setting | station pressure (the barometric pressure at the location the reading is taken) which has been corrected for the height of the station above sea level |
| aneriod | measures absolute pressure of air in an altimeter or barometer |
| angle of attack | angle at which relative wind meets airfoil |
| angle of incidence | the acute angle formed between the chord line of an airfoil (imaginary line from front to back of airfoil) and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft |
| ASOS | automated surface observing equipment |
| aspect ratio | span of a wing/its average chord length |
| asymmetric thrust (P-factor) | tendency for aircraft to yaw to the left due to descending propeller blade on the right producing more thrust than the ascending blade on the left |
| atc | air traffic control |
| attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) | provide heading attitude and yaw info for aircraft |
| attitude | the orientation of an aircraft's nose and wings relative to the horizon |
| attitude indicator | foundation of all instrument flight, this instrument reflects the airplane's attitude in relation to the horizon |
| autokinesis | nighttime visual illusion that a stationary light is moving when its not |
| automatic direction finder (ADF) | electronic navigation equipment that shows number of degrees clockwise from the aircraft nose to the station giving signal |
| longitudinal axis | axis from nose to tail of airplane |
| lateral axis | axis that passes from wingtip to wingtip |
| vertical axis | axis that passes vertically through the center of gravity |
| balance tab | a small, linked control surface that moves in the opposite direction of the main control surface to reduce the force required from the pilot to move it |
| barometric scale | scale on dial of altimeter to which the pilot sets the barometric pressure level from which the altitude shown by the pointers is measured |
| bernoulli's principle | explains how pressure of a moving liquid varies with its speed of motion. pressure of liquid and speed of motion are inversely related. |
| cabin altitude | cabin pressure in terms of equivalent altitude above sea level |
| camber | characteristic curve of airfoil's upper and lower surfaces. the upper __ is more pronounced while the lower __ is relatively flat, causing the velocity of the airflow immediately above the wing to be much higher than that below the wing |
| canard | horizontal surface mounted ahead of the main wing to provide longitudinal stability and control |
| cantilever | wing designed to carry loads without external struts |
| ceiling | the height above the earth's surface of the lowest layer of clouds which is reported as broken or overcast |
| centrifugal force | an outward force that opposes centripetal force |
| centripetal force | a center-seeking force |
| changeover point (COP) | a point along an airway between 2 adjacent navigation facilities where changeover in navigation guidance should occur |
| complex aircraft | an aircraft with retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable-pitch propeller |
| controllable-pitch propeller (CPP) | a type of propeller with blades that can be rotated around their long axis to change their pitch |
| control surfaces | moveable surfaces on an airplane's wings and tail allow a pilot to maneuver an airplane and control its attitude or orientation |
| Coriolis illusion | the illusion of rotation or movement in an entirely different axis, caused by an abrupt head movement while in a prolonged constant-rate turn |
| course | path of aircraft measured in degrees from north |
| critical altitude | the max altitude under standard atmospheric conditions at which a turbocharged engine can produce its rated horsepower |
| drag | the net aerodynamic force parallel to the relative wind, usually the sum of two components: induced drag and parasite drag |
| drift angle | angle between heading and track |
| elevator | the horizontal, movable primary control surface in the tail section. its fixed to the trailing edge of the fixed horizontal stabilizer |
| empennage | basically the back of the airplane, including the vertical stabilizer, rudder, elevator, etc. |
| equivalent airspeed | airspeed equivalent to CAS in standard atmosphere at sea level |
| ammeter | measures electric current, a negative sign means the generator or alternator output is inadequate |
| flaps | hinged portion of the trailing edge between the ailerons and fuselage, impact lift and drag of wing |
| flight level | a measure of altitude used by aircraft flying above 18000 ft |
| fuselage | cabin and/or cockpit |
| glidescope | provides vertical guidance to aircraft on the final approach course for the aircraft to follow when making an ILS approach along the localizer path |
| trim tab | a small, movable control surface on the trailing edge of a primary control surface like the elevator, rudder, or aileron |
| ground effect | slightly increased air pressure below an airplane wing that increases the amount of lift produced within one wing span from the ground |
| gyroscopic precision | an inherent quality of rotating bodies which causes an applied force to be manifested 90 degrees in the direction of rotation from the point where the force is applied |
| heading indicator | instrument which senses airplane movement and displays heading based on a 360 degree azimuth, not affected by forces that make the magnetic compass difficult to interpret |
| histotoxic hypoxia | inability of cells to effectively use oxygen, even if supplied |
| homing | flying the aircraft on any heading required to keep the needle pointing to the 0 degree relative bearing position |
| hypemic hypoxia | a type of hypoxia that is a result of oxygen deficiency in the blood, hypemic meaning "not enough blood" resulting in headache, confusion |
| hypoxia | not enough oxygen in the body |
| hypoxic hypoxia | result of insufficient oxygen to the lungs |
| inclinometer | an instrument consisting of a curved glass tube, housing a glass ball, and damped with a fluid similar to kerosene. it can be used to indicate inclination or to show relationship between gravity and centrifugal force in a turn |
| indicated altitude | the altitude read directly from the altimeter (uncorrected) when it is set to the current altimeter setting |
| induced drag | drag caused by the same factors that produce lift; varies inversely with airspeed. as airspeed decreases, angle of attack must increase, in turn increasing induced drag |
| interference drag | drag generated by the collision of airstreams creating eddy currents, turbulence, or restrictions to smooth flow |
| inversion | an increase in temperature with altitude |
| isobar | lines which connect points of equal barometric pressure |
| isogonic lines | lines drawn across aeronautical charts to connect points having the same magnetic variation |
| knot | unit of speed equal to 1 nautical mile/hr |
| kollsman window | a barometric scale window of a sensitive altimeter used to adjust the altitude for the altimeter setting |
| lateral axis | imaginary line that passes through the center of gravity from wingtip to wingtip |
| leading edge | the part of an airfoil that meets the airflow first |
| lift | a component of the total aerodynamic force on an airfoil and acts perpendicular to the relative wind |
| lines of flux | invisible lines of magnetic force passing between the poles of a magnet |
| load factor | ratio of a specified load/total weight of aircraft |
| localizer | the portion of an ILS that gives left/right guidance information down the centerline of the instrument runway for final approach |
| longitudinal axis | imaginary line from nose to tail. movement of the ailerons rotates an airplane about its longitudinal axis |
| lubber line | reference line used in a magnetic compass or heading indicator |
| magnus effect | lifting force produced when a rotating cylinder produces a pressure differential (why ball rotates in air) |
| manifold absolute pressure | the absolute pressure of the fuel/air mixture within the intake manifold, usually indicated in inches of mercury |
| monocoque | a shell-like fuselage design in which the stressed outer skin is used to support the majority of imposed stresses. |
| thermosphere | last layer of atmosphere that begins above mesosphere and gradually fades into space |
| trailing edge | the portion of the airfoil where the airflow over the upper surface rejoins the lower surface airflow |
| trim | to adjust the aerodynamic forces on the control surfaces so that the aircraft maintains the set attitude without any control input |
| trim tab | a small auxiliary hinged portion of a movable control surface that can be adjusted during flight to a position resulting in a balance of control forces |
| toposphere | layer of atmosphere extending from surface to a height of 20,000-60,0000 |
| true airspeed | actual airspeed, determined by applying a correction for pressure altitude and temperature to the CAS |
| true altitude | the vertical distance of the airplane above sea level--the actual altitude |
| turn-and-slip indicator | flight instrument consisting of a rate gyro to indicate the rate of yaw and a curved glass inclinometer to indicate relationship between gravity and centrifugal force. mostly replaced by turn coordinator. |
| uncaging | unlocking the gimbals of a gyroscopic instrument, making it susceptible to damage by abrupt flight maneuvers or rough handling |
| vector | representation of force that shows both magnitude and direction of the force |
| venturi tube | a specially shaped tube attached to the outside of the aircraft to produce suction to allow proper operation of gyro instruments |
| visual approach slope indicator | a visual aid of lights arranged to provide descent guidance during approach to runway. if on correct glideslope pilot will see red lights over white lights |
| waste gate | a controllable valve in the tailpipe of an aircraft reciprocating engine equipped with a turbocharger. the valve is controlled to vary the amount of exhaust gases forced through the turbocharger turbine |
| wind shear | sudden, drastic shift in windspeed, direction, or both that may occur in the horizontal or vertical plane |
Created by:
CeceliaG