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chapter 14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Lymph | clear watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in a system of lymph vessels throughout the body Originates in blood |
| 3 Lymphatic system functions: | 1.Transports proteins and fluid that have leaked, back to the bloodstream 2. absorb lipids from intestines and transport them to the bloodstream 3.Lymphocytes and monocytes protect the body from foreign cells |
| interstitial fluid | Fluid that surrounds body cells |
| How lymph is formed and travels through body | Blood → Interstitial Fluid → Lymph Capillaries → Lymph → Lymph Vessels → Lymph Tissues (like lymph nodes) → Large Lymph Vessels → Back to Blood |
| Lymph capillaries | Tiny, thin-walled tubes that collect fluid (lymph) from around the body’s cells. |
| Lymph vessels | Larger tubes that carry lymph through the body toward the heart. |
| Lymph nodes | Small, bean-shaped filters that clean the lymph and fight infection. |
| Cervical nodes | lymph nodes in neck |
| Axillary nodes | Lymph nodes in the armpits. |
| Mediastinal nodes | Lymph nodes in the center of the chest |
| Mesenteric nodes | Lymph nodes in the intestines |
| Paraaortic nodes | Lymph nodes near the spine and aorta in the lower back. (lumbar) |
| Inguinal nodes | Lymph nodes in the groin area. |
| B lymphocytes (B cells) | makes antibodies; originates in the bone marrow |
| T lymphocytes (T cells) | attack bacteria and foreign cells; originate in the thymus gland |
| Macrophages | (Phagocytose)To "eat" or swallow harmful particles like bacteria or dead cells |
| Spleen | Organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out red blood cells, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood |
| Thymus Gland | Helps build the immune system in babies and young kids Trains immune cells to fight germs (makes them “ready”) If removed early, the body can't fight infections well |
| Lymphoid organs | lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and adenoids; produce lymphocytes and antibodies |
| Adaptive immunity: | Ability to recognize and remember specific antigens to attack them ex Antibodies produced after exposure to antigen |
| Immunoglobulin | Ready-made antibodies- immediate, short-term protection. Proteins that acts to protect the body by destroying antigens |
| Vaccine | Teaches your body to make its own antibodies - Long term protection |
| humoral immunity | a type of adaptive immunity/ B lymphocytes (B cells) are responsible/ Immunity through antibodies in body fluids ex from a vaccine / fights against bacteria outside cells |
| cell-mediated immunity | a type of adaptive immunity- T lymphocytes (T cells) are responsible- does not involve antibodies Immunity through immune cells directly attacking invaders ex from a virus you get /sickness / fights against bacteria inside cells |
| Dendritic cells | captures and eats antigens presents germs to B and T cells to start the immune response Can be used in labs to help train immune cells for therapy |
| Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) | lab made antibody/ kills tumor cells; passive immunotherapy |
| Immunotherapy | Using the immune system to fight diseases ex vaccine |
| Active Immunity | Your body makes its own antibodies and immune cells Happens after infection or vaccination Takes time to develop but lasts a long time (sometimes for life) |
| Passive Immunity | You receive antibodies from someone else (not made by your body) Happens naturally (like from mom to baby) or by injection (immunoglobulins) Works right away but lasts only a short time |
| adenoids | Mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx |
| antibody | Protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens |
| antigen | Substance that the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response |
| complement system | Proteins in the blood that help antibodies and kill their target/ system of helper proteins that make the immune system stronger |
| cytokines | Proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction |
| cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ T cell) | Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens/ A type of T lymphocyte/ kill infected or cancerous cells |
| helper T cell (CD4+ T cell) | Type of T Lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells (don’t kill germs directly) |
| interferons | Proteins secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response/ Interfere with viruses |
| interleukins | Proteins that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes/Control how immune cells grow, move, and respond to infection |
| monoclonal antibody | An antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells |
| tonsils | Masses of lymphatic tissue in back of the oropharynx |
| thymus | a lymphoid organ located in the mediastinum/ mature T lymphocytes (T cells) so they can recognize and respond to foreign antigens while ignoring the body’s own cells. |
| human immunodeficiency virus | The infectious agent that causes AIDS: |
| Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) | drug to treat AIDS / inhibit viral enzyme called reverse transcriptase. |
| Protease inhibitors | inhibit viral proteolytic enzyme TO TREAT AIDS |
| HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy) | Combiniation of RTI and protease inhibitors to treat AIDS |
| Allergy | abnormal sensitivity acquired by exposure to antigen |
| Hodgkin disease/LYMPHOMA | Malignant tumor of the lymph nodes and spleen marked by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph nodes |
| Kaposi sarcoma | a malignant tumor of the blood vessels and lymphatic tissue. an AIDS-defining illness. |
| CD4+ cell count | measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream with patients with AIDS |
| ELISA test | detects anti-HIV antibodies/LAB TEST |
| Immunoelectrophoresis: | separates immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD) LAB TEST |
| Viral load test: | measures the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream |
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