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277 Exam 2
| Statement | Terms |
|---|---|
| Similar to patterns observed in the addicted brain, PET studies have found decreased __________ associated with morbid obesity | striatal DA signaling |
| stress related problem drinking through higher levels of impulsivity is associated with amygdala __________ activity and VS __________ activity | hypo, hyper |
| In ADHD, relatively __________ VS activity is associated with decreased symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity | increased |
| listening to music you know and like is associated with increased dopamine release in the __________ and __________ | VS, DS |
| The dlPFC is required for __________ conditioning but not __________ conditioning | operant, classical |
| __________ hyperactivity to primary reinforcers is associated with the __________ component of the addiction cycle | VS, intoxication |
| In freshman at Dartmouth, relatively __________ VS activity to pictures of food predicted increased BMI index over time | high |
| Over time, __________ release shifts from the reward to __________ that predict reward | DA, cues |
| Increased CSC activity can contribute not only to prosocial behaviors but also antisocial behaviors like __________ towards fans of rival sports teams | aggression |
| relatively __________ amygdala activity to threat and __________ VS activity to reward is associated with stress related problem drinking in Duke students as an expression of higher impulsivity | low, high |
| The VS indirectly increases general cortical responsiveness by driving activity of __________ neurons in the VP | cholingeric/AcH |
| During the MID task, greatest CSC is observed when __________ a reward | anticipating |
| Similar to patterns observed in the addicted brain, PET studies have found __________ striatal DA signaling associated with morbid obesity | decreased |
| The __________ relays contextual information to the VS | HF |
| In community volunteers, relatively __________ VS activity when consuming food predicted larger waist circumference | low |
| Increased activity in the __________ and __________ is observed in response to people who have consistently reciprocated our trust | VS, vmPFC |
| One model of ADHD proposes a deficit in the shift of __________ signaling from the __________ to the preceding __________ | DA, reward, cue |
| DBS targeting the __________ has helped a small number of patients with severe addiction in part by decreasing __________ activity to drug related cues | VS, DS |
| The combination of __________ hyperactivity to threat and __________ hypoactivity to reward is associated with the greatest risk for PTSD like symptoms in Israeli military medics | amygdala, VS |
| A meta analysis of published studies identifies consistent hypoactivity of the __________ during reward __________ in depression | DS, outcome |
| A hedonic hotspot in the __________ likely contributes to analgesia (pain relief) by blocking pain signals from the body | parabrachial nucleus |
| In a large study of teens, relatively __________ during MID was associated with developing depression 2 years later | low VS activity |
| __________ neurons in the VS and VP are responsible for hedonic tone | opioid |
| During the MID, __________ activity is most prominent during the __________ of winning money | VS, anticipation |
| Relatively __________ amygdala activity to threat and __________ VS activity to reward is associated with stress related problem drinking in Duke students as a means to cope with higher negative affect and lower positive affect | high, low |
| Both __________ and __________ components of the addiction cycle are associated with the down-regulation of DA signaling in the striatum | withdrawl, binging |
| __________ is "liking things", general level of pleasure an individual experiences from stimuli/activities they find rewarding | hedonic tone |
| Impulsive antisocial behaviors are associated with __________ activity of the VS during reward anticipation as well as increased __________ release | hyper, DA |
| The effectiveness of __________ in treating ADHD is consistent with the observed dysfunction of the CSC | stimulants |
| In __________ conditioning, a response is required to receive a reward, but in __________ conditioning, a response is NOT required to receive a reward | classical, operant |
| Reward learning involves a shift in dopamine release from a __________ reinforcer to a __________ reinforcer | primary, secondary |
| The __________ provides sensory input to the VS | BLA |
| Women with anorexia show hyperconnectivity between the __________ and __________ when choosing low calorie foods over high calorie foods, which subsequently predicts how much food they eat the next day | DS, dlPFC |
| While interacting with a romantic partner during scanning, VS activity increased more when __________ positive messages | sending |
| Rodents fed a __________ diet exhibit diminished DA signaling in the striatum | fatty |
| In the "shopping" study, VS activity __________ before a product was purchased | increased |
| Downregulation of __________ signaling in the striatum is associated with the __________ and __________ components of the addiction cycle | DA, binging, withdrawl |
| Projections from the VS to the __________ help initiate feeding and drinking in response to food | lateral hypothalamus |
| __________ hyperactivity to secondary reinforcers is associated with the __________ component of the addiction cycle | VS, craving |
| In ADHD, __________ activity of the DS when anticipating a delayed reward is associated with greater symptom severity | hyper |
| In ADHD, there is a hyperactivity of the __________ during anticipation of delayed rewards which is correlated with symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity | DS |
| Women with anorexia show relatively increased __________ activity to model images that are of __________ individuals | VS, underweight |
| the __________ and __________ components of the addiction cycle are associated with VS activity to primary and secondary reinforcers | intoxication, craving |
| The dorsal striatum is comprised of the __________ and __________ | caudate, putamen |
| The core functions of the corticostriatal circuit are __________ and __________ | motivation, action |
| The dopamine transfer deficit (DTD) hypothesis states that individuals with __________ show a deficit in the normal shift of __________ release from a reward to a cue predicting a reward | ADHD, DA |
| Dysfunction of the CSC is primarily associated with the core symptoms of __________ in depression | anhedonia |
| In healthy individuals, increased behavioral impulsivity is associated with relatively __________ VS activity | increased |
| The __________ hypothalamus regulates thirst and hunger | lateral |
| __________ released from the __________ acts as the "key" that opens the __________ "gate" | dopamine, VTA, VS |
| Increased activity in the __________ when watching Duke lose or UNC win is correlated with feelings of pain | dACC |
| The VS __________ supports reward learning/conditioning while the VS __________ supports goal directed action and movement | shell, core |
| Higher reward related VS activity is associated with higher __________ and more difficulty __________ gratification | impulsivity, delaying |
| Duke students with relatively higher reward related activity in the __________ are better able to maintain positive affect in the face of stressful life events | VS |
| As __________ activity increases, people pay more to purchase new songs | VS |
| Impulsive antisocial traits are associated with __________ VS activity during the MID | high |
| A stronger response to sexually provocative images in men relative to women occurs in the __________ of the hypothalamus | medial preoptic area (mPO) |
| In ADHD, __________ activity of the VS when anticipating an immediate reward is associated with greater symptom severity | hypo |
| Amygdala __________ activity has been observed in people with a positive family history for addiction | hypo |
| CSC disorder is associated with the __________ symptoms of ADHD | impulsivity/hyperactivity |
| Stress related problem drinking through higher levels of depression/anxiety is associated with amygdala __________ activity and VS __________ activity | hyper, hypo |
| Some PET studies have found __________ striatal DA signaling associated with morbid obesity | decreased |
| __________ activity of the VS when consuming food correlates with larger waist circumference | hypo |
| __________ activity of the VS when looking at pictures of food predicts increased BMI over time | hyper |
| In anorexia, there is increased VS activity to model images that are __________-weight | under |
| In anorexia, hyperconnectivity between the __________ and __________ when choosing __________-fat over __________-fat foods predicts how much food is eaten the next day | dlPFC, DS, low, high |
| Closed-loop DBS following __________ activity to food-related cues is associated with reductions in uncontrolled eating and weight loss in those with morbid obesity | VS |
| Symptoms of ADHD include inattention, __________, and hyperactivity | impulsivities |
| __________ of the VS during the anticipation of an immediate reward has been reported in ADHD | hypoactivity |
| Corticostriatal circuit disorder is associated with __________ and __________ symptoms of ADHD | impulsivity, hyperactivity |
| Abnormal __________ signaling may explain why VS hypoactivity predicts impulsivity in ADHD individuals | DA |
| The __________ model of ADHD proposes a deficit in the shift of DA signaling from the reward to the preceding cue | dopamine transfer deficit |
| People with anorexia nervosa show increased __________ activity when viewing images of people with underweight body types. | ventral striatum activity |
| DBS targeting the __________ has reduced compulsive overeating and weight in treatment resistant cases of obesity | VS |
| PET studies show that hypoactivity of the VS when consuming palatable food is associated with __________ waist circumference | larger |
| When choosing low fat over high fat foods, women with AN show hyperconnectivity between the __________ and the __________ | dlPFC, DS |
| In MDD, __________ reflects the symptom of anhedonia | ventral striatal hypoactivation |
| In a meta-analysis of depression, __________ activation was found primarily in the__________ during reward outcome | reduced, DS |
| Pre-deployment data from the Israeli medic study showed that __________ amygdala reactivity to threat and __________ VS reactivity to reward predicted greater severity of __________ | high, low, PTSD |
| The VS indirectly increases responsiveness throughout the brain by driving activity of __________ neurons in the VP | cholinergic |
| Activation of the __________ increases when people listen to their favorite music, rate jokes as funny, or recieve positive social feedback | VS |
| In the trust game, greater activation of the __________ occurred when a partner __________ | VS, reciprocated trust |
| When a rival team loses or your own team wins, activation increases in the __________ of the dorsal striatum, reflecting reward from social competition | putamen |
| Improved SSRI treatment response in depression is associated with __________ | increased VS activity |
| Targeted by DBS, the __________ helps to treat severe addiction by reducing activity to drug-related cues | nucleus accumbens |
| TMS can be used to lower craving for a cigarette by reducing activity in the __________ | dlPFC |
| __________ was recently explored as a novel treatment for severe opioid use disorder, using sound waves to modulate brain activity | focused ultrasound neuromodulation |
| VS activity in ADHD during anticipating a immediate reward is __________ correlated with symptom severity | negatively |
| DS activity in ADHD during anticipating a delayed reward is __________ correlated with symptom severity | positively |
| PET research shows that people with morbid obesity have reduced __________ in the striatum | decreased DA signaling |
| In stress related problem drinking linked to impulsivity, the amygdala tends to be __________ , while the ventral striatum tends to be __________ | hypoactive, hyperactive |
| In ADHD, higher ventral striatal responsiveness is associated with fewer symptoms of __________ and __________ | hyperactivity, impulsivity |
| The intoxication stage of the addiction cycle involves hyperactivity in the __________ in response to primary reinforcers | VS |
| When stress-linked drinking reflects low positive affect and coping difficulties, individuals show high __________ threat and low __________ to reward | amygdala reactivity, VS reactivity |
| The VS enhances widespread cortical processing indirectly activating __________ neurons in the VP | cholinergic (ACh) |
| Across MID studies there is __________ of the DS when??? | hypoactivity |
| IN MDD during adolescence, there is __________ of the VS during the anticipation of reward | hypoactivity |
| __________ VS activity in adolescence predicts later depression | hypoactivity |
Created by:
justinem