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Bones
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bone Functions | Protection - organs (axial), movement (appendicular), support, makes blood, and stores calcium. |
| Calcium Function | Muscle contractions, nerve conduction, and helps the heart beat. |
| Osteoporosis | Porous/hole in bones, more common in women due to pregnancy since baby takes calcium from mom, genetic as well. |
| Hyaline Cartilage | Smoothes joints, connects ribs, and becomes calcified when older. |
| Elastic cartilage | Stretchy, found in ears, and respiratory. |
| Fibrocartilage | Knees, ankles, and shock absorbers. |
| Long Bones | Appendicular and longer than wide. |
| Irregular Bone | Vertebra, zygomatic,pelvis, etc, and irregular, axial |
| Flat Bone | Intra-membranous sack bones, ie: sternum, cranium, axial |
| Short Bone | Squarish, short, tarsals, and carpals, appendicular |
| Sesamoid Bone | Special and develops inside a tendon. Found in kneecap and big toe. |
| Spongy Bone | Inside, trabeculae on the inside, makes blood and calcium, and has red bone marrow in between. |
| Compact Bone | Found on the outside, supports, protects, and aids in movement. |
| Trabeculae | Found in spongy bone, and you stretch you will build thicker trabeculae, and gain calcium. |
| Hydroxyapatite | Calcium and phosphate salts that make bone strong, found in trabeculae and lamellae. |
| Osteogenic cells | Bone stem cell, cell can become other types of bone, can be tendons, bone marrow, and blood cells. |
| Osteoblast | Make bone, matrix synthesizing, lamellae, and trabeculae. |
| Osteocyte | Bone cell, and lacunae |
| Osteoclast | Bone reabsorbing cell/eats up bone. |
| Osteogenesis | Process of bone formation |
| Prenatal (Intra-membranous ossification) | Making bone inside fibrous membrane, flat bones. The membrane sac turns into cranium and ribs. Periosteum and during growth and development it contributes to bone elongation and modeling. |
| Prenatal (Endo-chondrial ossification) | Inside cartilage, hyaline, leg started off as pretend bones made of cartilage. |
| Post-natal (Interstitial bone growth) | Elongation of bone, growth plate, stops, and closes: It involves the expansion of cartilage tissue within the epiphyseal plates (growth plates) at the ends of the bones |
| Regulators of postnatal bone growth | Growth hormone: pituitary gland + drives the elongation of long bones, Thyroid hormone - metabolism, crucial for bone maturation and remodeling. Calcium mineral component of bone, provides the necessary raw material |
| Appositional Bone Growth | Growth in width and thickness, grows thicker based on stress. Older people should walk around, minor weight bearing activities since it aids the femur (weight bearer). |
| Appositional Bone Growth Regulator | Calcium, vitamin D (absorbs), Vitamin A (absorbs), Phosphorus (hydroxyapatite), Magnesium. |
| Displaced vs Non. Displaced | Out of place/alignment |
| Complete vs Incomplete | Full break vs Not, "stress fracture" (crack). |
| Simple vs. Compound | Comes out of skin (compound) and stays inside skin (simple). |
| Linear vs Transverse | Linear (line of bone/vertical), and transverse (Move in - across bone or horizontal. |
| Irr. Comminuted | Shatter, breaks in fragments, car accidents, and common in older, treated with surgery: plates, wires, and screws. |
| Irr. Compression | Porous bones, squishes, wrists and vertebra, |
| Irr. Spiral | Ragged break, excessive twists, tibia, femur, maybe arm, in sports that require turning. |
| Irr. Epiphysis | Epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal. Snap the other one so they stop growing together. |
| Irr. Depression | Only in flat bones, ribs, sternum, and cranium, pressed inwards, "cracked skull". |
| Irr. Greenstick | Incomplete, stress, occurs in kids (bendy), not all the way through. |
| Repair Step 1: | Hematoma forms (bruise/blood-clot), veins and artery rupture, and blood leaks into the surrounding tissue. |
| Repair Step 2: | Fibrocartilaginous callus, a temporary, soft tissue structure. forms fills in the space, closes and aligns, otherwise fibrocartilage cannot heal. |
| Repair Step 3: | Bony callus forms, bone is produces and creates a bump. |
| Repair Step 4: | Bone remodeling: osteoclast smoothes out |
| Rickets | Problems with calcium and vitamin D in orphanages, babies, deformations, surgeries, by breaking and reforming |
| Airspace | Reduce weight, sinus - voice resonance chamber, helps with air processing. Frontal , Ethmoid, Sphenoid, and Maxillary sinus. |
| Curvature in Spine | Has to have a curve, cervical: in, Thoracic: out, Lumbar: in, sacrum: out, coccyx: in. |
| Lordosis | Exaggerated curvature of the lumbar vertebrae, developmental |
| Scoliosis | Lateral curvature of the spine: decrease heart + lung room |
| Human tail | Turned in sometimes it stays out. |
| Fontanelle | Fibrous membrane that is not filled in with bone: plates need to move to fit through pelvis, brain needs to grow, started off as membrane |
| Types of Fontanelles 1 | Anterior Soft spot, lasts the longest: top of the head. Posterior: back of the head, between the parietal and occipital bones. , |
| Types of Fontanelles 2 | Mastoid: two small, symmetrical fontanelles located on the sides of the head, behind the ears. Sphenoid: symmetrical fontanelles located on the front sides of the head, between the parietal and sphenoid bones |
| Babies + spinal curve | Babies lack cervical curve, rounded to fit into uterus, no cervical curve until after birth. Babies do not need to walk (lumbar), and thoracic and sacral curvature. |
| Kyphosis | Exaggerates curvature of the thoracic, (Hunchback) |
Created by:
nuhaSalim