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HBS 1.2 Studystack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tendon | A tough, fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone, transmitting the force generated by the muscle to move the skeleton. |
| Skeletal Muscle | Voluntary muscles attached to bones, responsible for movement. |
| Cardiac Muscle | Involuntary muscle found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood. |
| Smooth Muscle | Involuntary muscle found in walls of internal organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels), controlling slow, sustained contractions. |
| Skeletal Muscle | Striated, voluntary muscle attached to bones; controls body movements. |
| Cardiac Muscle | Striated, involuntary muscle found in the heart; contracts rhythmically and continuously to pump blood. |
| Smooth Muscle | Non-striated, involuntary muscle in walls of hollow organs and blood vessels; controls slow, sustained contractions. |
| Sarcomere | The smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber, composed of repeating segments of actin and myosin filaments that contract to produce muscle movement. |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | A specialized type of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells that stores and releases calcium ions needed for muscle contraction. |
| Calcium Ions (Ca+2) | Ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum that bind to regulatory proteins to initiate muscle contraction. |
| Actin Filaments | Thin protein filaments in muscle fibers that slide past myosin filaments during contraction. |
| Myosin Filaments | Thick protein filaments in muscle fibers with heads that bind to actin to pull and shorten the sarcomere during contraction. |
| Troponin | A regulatory protein bound to actin filaments that binds calcium ions and moves tropomyosin to expose binding sites for myosin during contraction. |
| Tropomyosin | A regulatory protein that blocks myosin-binding sites on actin filaments when the muscle is relaxed. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | The primary energy molecule used by muscle cells to power contraction and other cellular processes. |
| Endomysium | A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers. |
| Perimysium | Connective tissue sheath that groups muscle fibers into bundles called fascicles. |
| Myofibril | A long, cylindrical organelle found inside muscle fibers composed of repeating sarcomeres; responsible for contraction. |
| Fascicle | A bundle of muscle fibers grouped together within a muscle, surrounded by perimysium. |
| Epimysium | The outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle. |
| Muscle Fiber / Cell | A single muscle cell, long and multinucleated, composed of myofibrils. |
| Muscle Fatigue | A decline in a muscle’s ability to generate force due to prolonged activity or insufficient energy supply. |
| Electromyogram (EMG) | A test that records the electrical activity of muscles to assess their function. |
| Tetany | A sustained muscle contraction resulting from rapid, repeated stimuli without relaxation. |
| 6 Muscle Rules | Muscles must have at least 2 points of attachment The attachment that moves is called the Insertion; the attachment that remains stationary is the Origin Muscles must cross at least 1 joint |
| continued | Muscles work in opposing pairs: A muscle that decreases the angle of the joint is called a Flexor; a muscle that increases the angle of a joint is called an extensor |
| continued | Muscles can only pull / contract to get shorter. Macroscopic striations show the direction of muscle contraction. |
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