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HBS 1.2 - Muscles

TermDefinition
Tendon Connects muscle to bone; transmits the force of contraction
Skeletal Muscle Voluntary, striated muscle attached to bones; moves the skeleton
Cardiac Muscle Involuntary, striated muscle found only in the heart; pumps blood.
Smooth Muscle Involuntary, non-striated muscle found in organs; moves substances through the body.
Sarcomere The functional unit of a muscle fiber; site of contraction.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Stores and releases calcium ions in muscle cells.
Calcium Ions (Ca²⁺) Trigger muscle contraction by allowing actin and myosin to interact.
Actin Filaments Thin protein filaments that slide past myosin to shorten the sarcomere.
Myosin Filaments Thick protein filaments that pull actin during contraction.
Troponin Protein on actin that binds calcium to expose binding sites.
Tropomyosin Protein that blocks actin’s binding sites when the muscle is relaxed.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Main energy source for muscle contraction and relaxation.
Endomysium Thin connective tissue around each muscle fiber.
Perimysium Connective tissue wrapping around a fascicle (bundle of fibers).
Myofibril Long, threadlike structures inside muscle fibers; contain sarcomeres.
Fascicle A bundle of muscle fibers.
Epimysium Outer layer of connective tissue around the entire muscle.
Muscle Fiber / Cell A single muscle cell containing many myofibrils.
Muscle Fatigue Inability to contract due to energy depletion or lactic acid buildup.
Electromyogram (EMG) Test that records electrical activity in muscles.
Tetany Continuous, sustained muscle contraction without relaxation.
Muscle Rule 1 Muscles must have at least two points of attachment.
Muscle Rule 2 The attachment that moves = Insertion; the stationary one = Origin.
Muscle Rule 3 Muscles must cross at least one joint.
Muscle Rule 4 Muscles work in opposing pairs: Flexor decreases joint angle. Extensor increases joint angle.
Muscle Rule 5 Muscles can only pull (contract) to get shorter.
Muscle Rule 6 Striations show the direction of contraction.
What are the muscle rules? Name them all!
Created by: user-1898601
 

 



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