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Kuba
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Present Simple – structure | Podmiot + czasownik w formie podstawowej (he/she/it + -s) |
| Present Simple – use | Czynności powtarzające się, fakty, rutyna |
| I work every day. | Pracuję codziennie. |
| She plays tennis on Sundays. | Ona gra w tenisa w niedziele. |
| The sun rises in the east. | Słońce wschodzi na wschodzie. |
| We don't eat meat. | Nie jemy mięsa. |
| Does he like coffee? | Czy on lubi kawę? |
| Present Simple – time expressions | Always, often, usually, sometimes, never, every day |
| Present Continuous – structure | Podmiot + am/is/are + czasownik z -ing |
| Present Continuous – use | Czynność trwająca teraz lub w najbliższej przyszłości |
| I am studying English. | Uczę się angielskiego. |
| She is watching TV. | Ona ogląda telewizję. |
| They are working right now. | Oni teraz pracują. |
| We aren't going to school today. | Nie idziemy dziś do szkoły. |
| Is he reading a book? | Czy on czyta książkę? |
| Present Continuous – time expressions | Now, at the moment, right now, today |
| Present Perfect Simple – structure | Podmiot + have/has + III forma (past participle) |
| Present Perfect Simple – use | Czynność mająca skutek teraz lub trwająca do teraz |
| I have just finished my homework. | Właśnie skończyłem pracę domową. |
| She has lived here for ten years. | Ona mieszka tu od dziesięciu lat. |
| They have already eaten breakfast. | Oni już zjedli śniadanie. |
| Have you ever been to London? | Czy byłeś kiedyś w Londynie? |
| He hasn’t seen that movie yet. | On jeszcze nie widział tego filmu. |
| Present Perfect – keywords | For, since, already, yet, ever, never, just |
| Past Simple – structure | Podmiot + czasownik w II formie (lub +ed) |
| Past Simple – use | Czynność zakończona w przeszłości, z określonym czasem |
| I visited Paris last year. | Odwiedziłem Paryż w zeszłym roku. |
| She didn’t go to school yesterday. | Ona nie poszła wczoraj do szkoły. |
| Did they watch the film? | Czy oni oglądali film? |
| He worked in a factory in 2010. | On pracował w fabryce w 2010. |
| Past Simple – time expressions | Yesterday, last week, ago, in 2010 |
| Past Continuous – structure | Podmiot + was/were + czasownik z -ing |
| Past Continuous – use | Czynność trwająca w przeszłości lub tło dla innej czynności |
| I was reading when he called. | Czytałem, gdy on zadzwonił. |
| She was cooking while I was cleaning. | Ona gotowała, gdy ja sprzątałem. |
| They weren’t sleeping at midnight. | Nie spali o północy. |
| What were you doing yesterday at 8? | Co robiłeś wczoraj o 8? |
| Past Continuous – keywords | While, when, at that moment |
| Past Perfect Simple – structure | Podmiot + had + III forma |
| Past Perfect Simple – use | Czynność wcześniejsza niż inna czynność w przeszłości |
| I had finished my work before she arrived. | Skończyłem pracę zanim ona przyszła. |
| He had never seen snow before 2015. | On nigdy wcześniej nie widział śniegu. |
| They had left when we got there. | Oni wyszli, gdy tam dotarliśmy. |
| Had you done your homework before dinner? | Czy odrobiłeś lekcje przed kolacją? |
| Past Perfect – keywords | Before, after, by the time, already, never |
| Used to – structure | Podmiot + used to + czasownik w podstawowej formie |
| Used to – use | Czynności, które kiedyś były prawdziwe, a teraz nie są |
| I used to play football. | Kiedyś grałem w piłkę. |
| She used to live in London. | Ona kiedyś mieszkała w Londynie. |
| We didn’t use to like coffee. | Kiedyś nie lubiliśmy kawy. |
| Did you use to have long hair? | Czy kiedyś miałeś długie włosy? |
| Future Simple – structure | Podmiot + will + czasownik podstawowy |
| Future Simple – use | Przewidywania, decyzje podjęte teraz |
| I will call you tomorrow. | Zadzwonię do ciebie jutro. |
| She will help you later. | Ona ci później pomoże. |
| Will it rain tomorrow? | Czy będzie jutro padać? |
| I won’t forget your birthday. | Nie zapomnę twoich urodzin. |
| Future Simple – keywords | Tomorrow, next week, soon, in the future |
| Future Continuous – structure | Podmiot + will be + czasownik z -ing |
| Future Continuous – use | Czynność, która będzie trwała w określonym momencie w przyszłości |
| I will be studying at 8 pm. | Będę się uczyć o 20:00. |
| She will be working all day tomorrow. | Ona będzie pracować cały dzień jutro. |
| They will be waiting for us at the station. | Będą na nas czekać na stacji. |
| What will you be doing next week? | Co będziesz robić w przyszłym tygodniu? |
| Future Continuous – keywords | At this time tomorrow, all day, all night |
| Be going to – structure | Podmiot + am/is/are + going to + czasownik |
| Be going to – use | Plany, intencje lub przewidywania oparte na dowodach |
| I am going to visit my grandma. | Zamierzam odwiedzić babcię. |
| She is going to buy a new car. | Ona zamierza kupić nowy samochód. |
| Look at those clouds! It’s going to rain. | Spójrz na te chmury! Będzie padać. |
| We aren’t going to move house. | Nie zamierzamy się przeprowadzać. |
| Are you going to watch that film? | Czy zamierzasz obejrzeć ten film? |
| Difference – will vs going to | Will = decyzja teraz; Going to = plan przed rozmową |
| Present Simple vs Present Continuous | Present Simple = rutyna; Continuous = teraz |
| Past Simple vs Past Continuous | Past Simple = jedna czynność; Continuous = tło |
| Past Perfect vs Past Simple | Past Perfect = wcześniejsza czynność |
| Future Simple vs Be going to | Will = decyzja spontaniczna; Going to = plan |
| Future Continuous vs Future Simple | Continuous = czynność w toku, Simple = jedno zdarzenie |
| Since vs For | Since = od punktu w czasie; For = przez okres |
| Have been vs Was | Have been = do teraz; Was = w przeszłości |
| Ever vs Never | Ever = kiedykolwiek; Never = nigdy |
| Already vs Yet | Already = już; Yet = jeszcze nie |
| Just vs Recently | Just = właśnie; Recently = ostatnio |
| Used to vs Be used to | Used to = dawne zwyczaje; Be used to = być przyzwyczajonym |
| Will vs Shall | Will = ogólne przyszłe; Shall = propozycje (formalnie) |
| Will probably vs Be going to | Will probably = przypuszczenie; Going to = dowód |
| He has worked here since 2010. | On pracuje tu od 2010 roku. |
| They have just arrived. | Oni właśnie przyjechali. |
| She hasn’t finished yet. | Ona jeszcze nie skończyła. |
| Did you go to school yesterday? | Czy poszedłeś wczoraj do szkoły? |
| What were you doing at midnight? | Co robiłeś o północy? |
| I had never eaten sushi before. | Nigdy wcześniej nie jadłem sushi. |
| He will be sleeping at 11. | On będzie spał o 11. |
| We are going to travel next month. | Zamierzamy podróżować w przyszłym miesiącu. |
| Modal verbs – meaning | Czasowniki modalne wyrażają możliwość, konieczność, umiejętność lub pozwolenie. |
| Can – ability | I can swim. |
| Can – permission | Can I go out? |
| Can – possibility | It can be dangerous. |
| Can’t – prohibition | You can’t smoke here. |
| Could – past ability | When I was young, I could run fast. |
| Could – polite request | Could you help me, please? |
| May – permission | You may come in. |
| May – possibility | It may rain later. |
| Might – possibility | It might snow tomorrow. |
| Must – obligation | You must wear a seatbelt. |
| Must – strong advice | You must see this movie. |
| Mustn’t – prohibition | You mustn’t be late. |
| Have to – external obligation | I have to get up early. |
| Don’t have to – lack of necessity | You don’t have to come. |
| Need to – necessity | You need to study harder. |
| Needn’t – lack of necessity | You needn’t hurry. |
| Should – advice | You should see a doctor. |
| Shouldn’t – advice | You shouldn’t eat so much sugar. |
| Ought to – advice | You ought to apologize. |
| Would – polite offers | Would you like some coffee? |
| Would – unreal situations | I would go if I had time. |
| Would like to – polite wish | I would like to visit Japan. |
| Shall – suggestion | Shall we go for a walk? |
| Modal verbs – no “to” | Po czasownikach modalnych nie używamy “to”: I can go, not I can to go. |
| Modal verbs – question form | Modal + subject + verb: Can you swim? |
| Modal verbs – short answers | Yes, I can. / No, I can’t. |
| Modal verbs – difference must vs have to | Must = wewnętrzny obowiązek; Have to = zewnętrzny obowiązek. |
| Modal verbs – polite forms | Could, would, may to uprzejme formy. |
| Countable nouns – meaning | Rzeczowniki, które można policzyć (a cat, two apples) |
| Uncountable nouns – meaning | Rzeczowniki, których nie da się policzyć (water, sugar) |
| Countable nouns – examples | Book, table, car, student, idea |
| Uncountable nouns – examples | Milk, rice, information, advice |
| Countable and uncountable – rules | Some i any mogą występować z oboma typami. |
| Some – use | Used in positive sentences: I have some friends. |
| Any – use | Used in negatives and questions: Do you have any money? |
| Much – use | Niepoliczalne: I don’t have much time. |
| Many – use | Policzalne: I have many books. |
| A lot of – use | Uniwersalne: She has a lot of energy. |
| Few – use | Policzalne, mało: Few people know this. |
| A few – use | Policzalne, kilka: I have a few ideas. |
| Little – use | Niepoliczalne, mało: There is little water left. |
| A little – use | Niepoliczalne, trochę: I have a little time. |
| Too much – use | Za dużo (niepoliczalne): too much coffee. |
| Too many – use | Za dużo (policzalne): too many people. |
| Enough – use | Wystarczająco: I have enough money. |
| Plural nouns – rule | Zazwyczaj dodajemy -s lub -es: books, boxes. |
| Irregular plural nouns | Child → children, man → men, woman → women, tooth → teeth, foot → feet |
| Singular nouns – use | Poprzedzone a/an: a dog, an apple. |
| Uncountable – no article | Nie używamy a/an: water, sugar, money. |
| Possessive forms – ’s | John’s car = samochód Johna. |
| Plural possessive | The students’ books = książki uczniów. |
| Possessive of inanimate things | The door of the house = drzwi domu. |
| Its vs it’s | Its = jego/jej (dla rzeczy); It’s = it is. |
| Whose – use | Pytanie o przynależność: Whose bag is this? |
| Possessive pronouns | Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs. |
| Possessive adjectives | My, your, his, her, its, our, their. |
| This is my book. | To jest moja książka. |
| That book is mine. | Tamta książka jest moja. |
| These are our parents. | To są nasi rodzice. |
| Is this your phone? | Czy to twój telefon? |
| Their house is big. | Ich dom jest duży. |
| Our teacher is very nice. | Nasz nauczyciel jest bardzo miły. |
| My dog loves its toy. | Mój pies uwielbia swoją zabawkę. |
| Formy dzierżawcze – zasada | ’s dla ludzi, of dla rzeczy: Tom’s bike, the name of the company. |
| Double possessive | A friend of my brother’s = jeden z przyjaciół mojego brata. |
| Possessive questions | Whose car is that? It’s Anna’s. |
| Possessive summary | My – mine, Your – yours, His – his, Her – hers, Our – ours, Their – theirs. |
| Possessive in expressions | At my friend’s house = u mojego przyjaciela. |
| Countable or uncountable confusion | Hair (uncountable – włosy), a hair (countable – włos). |
| Money – uncountable | Nie mówimy “monies” w znaczeniu pieniędzy. |
| Furniture – uncountable | Nie mówimy “furnitures”. |
| Advice – uncountable | Jedna rada to “a piece of advice”. |
| Information – uncountable | Nie mówimy “informations”. |
| Homework – uncountable | Nie mówimy “homeworks”. |
| Permission with can and may | Can I go out? / May I leave the room? |
| Obligation with must and have to | You must study. / You have to study. |
| Ability with can and could | I can play piano. / I could play when I was 10. |
| Politeness with would and could | Would you like some tea? / Could you open the window? |
| Quantity summary | Much (uncountable), many (countable), a lot of (both). |
| Possession summary | ’s = osób, of = rzeczy, my/your etc. = przymiotniki dzierżawcze. |
| Articles – use | Przedimki a/an/the określają rzeczownik. |
| A – use | Stosowany przed rzeczownikami w liczbie pojedynczej zaczynającymi się od spółgłoski: a dog, a car. |
| An – use | Stosowany przed rzeczownikami w liczbie pojedynczej zaczynającymi się od samogłoski: an apple, an hour. |
| The – use | Stosowany, gdy mówimy o czymś konkretnym: the sun, the teacher. |
| Zero article – use | Bez przedimka przy rzeczach ogólnych: I like music. |
| A vs An rule | A – przed spółgłoską, An – przed samogłoską. |
| The – first mention | Używamy “a” przy pierwszym wspomnieniu i “the” przy kolejnym: I saw a dog. The dog was big. |
| The – unique objects | The sun, the moon, the Earth. |
| No article – plural | Bez przedimka przy liczbie mnogiej w ogóle: Dogs are friendly. |
| The – superlatives | Używamy z najwyższym stopniem: the best, the most expensive. |
| Articles – countries | The Netherlands, The USA, The UK – przed nazwami państw w liczbie mnogiej. |
| A/an – professions | I’m a teacher. She’s an engineer. |
| The – musical instruments | He plays the guitar. |
| Zero article – meals | I have breakfast at 8. |
| Articles – summary | A/An = nieokreślone, The = określony, Zero = ogólny. |
| Adjectives – function | Przymiotniki opisują rzeczowniki: a big house, a red car. |
| Order of adjectives – rule | Opinia + rozmiar + wiek + kształt + kolor + pochodzenie + materiał + rzeczownik. |
| Order of adjectives – example | A beautiful big old round red Italian wooden table. |
| Comparative adjectives – short | Dodajemy -er: small → smaller, big → bigger. |
| Comparative adjectives – long | Używamy “more”: beautiful → more beautiful. |
| Superlative adjectives – short | Dodajemy -est: tall → tallest. |
| Superlative adjectives – long | Używamy “most”: interesting → most interesting. |
| Irregular adjectives | Good → better → best; Bad → worse → worst; Far → farther/further → farthest/furthest. |
| Double consonant rule | Big → bigger; Hot → hotter. |
| Y to I rule | Happy → happier → happiest. |
| Comparatives – structure | Subject + verb + comparative + than. |
| Superlatives – structure | The + adjective + -est / most. |
| As…as – equality | He is as tall as his brother. |
| Not as…as – difference | This test isn’t as easy as the last one. |
| Too – use | Zbyt: It’s too cold today. |
| Enough – use | Wystarczająco: He isn’t tall enough. |
| So + adjective | So big, so nice, so expensive. |
| Such + noun | Such a nice day! |
| Comparative sentences | This car is faster than that one. |
| Superlative sentences | This is the most beautiful place. |
| Common mistake – more + -er | Nie używaj “more taller” – poprawnie: taller. |
| Common mistake – the most vs most | “The most” z rzeczownikiem: the most people. |
| Adjectives with two syllables | Clever → cleverer, common → more common (obie formy poprawne). |
| Adjectives ending in -y | Happy → happier → happiest. |
| Adjectives ending in -e | Nice → nicer → nicest. |
| Adjectives – position | Zazwyczaj przed rzeczownikiem: a red car. |
| Adjectives after verbs | Po czasownikach “be”, “feel”, “seem”: She is tired. |
| Adjectives – exceptions | Alone, afraid, asleep – tylko po czasowniku. |
| Adjectives – summary | Stopień równy, wyższy, najwyższy: big – bigger – biggest. |
| Adverbs – definition | Przysłówki opisują czasowniki, przymiotniki lub inne przysłówki. |
| Adverbs – formation | Przymiotnik + -ly: slow → slowly. |
| Irregular adverbs | Good → well, Fast → fast, Hard → hard. |
| Adverbs vs adjectives | She runs fast (adv). / She is fast (adj). |
| Comparative adverbs | Add -er or use “more”: fast → faster, carefully → more carefully. |
| Superlative adverbs | Add -est or use “most”: fast → fastest, carefully → most carefully. |
| Adverbs – position | Zazwyczaj po czasowniku: He works hard. |
| Adverbs of frequency | Always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never. |
| Adverbs of frequency – position | Przed czasownikiem głównym, po “to be”: He always eats breakfast. / She is never late. |
| Adverbs of manner | Quickly, slowly, badly, easily. |
| Adverbs of place | Here, there, everywhere. |
| Adverbs of time | Now, today, yesterday, soon. |
| Adverbs of degree | Very, quite, too, enough, almost. |
| Too + adverb | He runs too fast. |
| Enough + adverb | She speaks loudly enough. |
| As…as with adverbs | He runs as fast as me. |
| More and more + adverbs | She speaks more and more fluently. |
| Comparative adverbs – sentences | He drives more carefully than before. |
| Superlative adverbs – sentences | She sings the most beautifully. |
| Common mistake – adjective vs adverb | He drives careful ❌ → He drives carefully ✅. |
| Adverbs – summary | Opisują sposób, miejsce, czas, częstotliwość i stopień. |
| Intensifiers – use | Very, really, extremely, quite. |
| Really vs very | Really = naprawdę, Very = bardzo. |
| Quite vs pretty | Both mean “dość”: quite good = pretty good. |
| Almost vs nearly | Prawie: He almost fell = He nearly fell. |
| Exactly vs just | Exactly = dokładnie, Just = właśnie. |
| Hardly vs barely | Ledwo: He could hardly walk. |
| Still vs yet | Still = nadal, Yet = jeszcze (w pytaniach/negacjach). |
| Already vs just | Already = już, Just = właśnie. |
| Still vs already | Still = wciąż, Already = już (wcześniej). |
| Adverbs of frequency summary | Always – zawsze, Often – często, Sometimes – czasami, Rarely – rzadko, Never – nigdy. |
| Pronouns – definition | Zaimki zastępują rzeczowniki, by uniknąć powtórzeń. |
| Subject pronouns | I, you, he, she, it, we, they. |
| Object pronouns | Me, you, him, her, it, us, them. |
| Possessive adjectives | My, your, his, her, its, our, their. |
| Possessive pronouns | Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs. |
| Reflexive pronouns | Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. |
| Each – use | Każdy z dwóch lub więcej: Each student has a book. |
| Every – use | Każdy w ogóle: Every child likes sweets. |
| Each vs every | Each – jednostki; Every – ogólnie. |
| Either – use | Albo jeden z dwóch: You can take either road. |
| Neither – use | Żaden z dwóch: Neither answer is correct. |
| Either…or | Albo...albo: You can have either tea or coffee. |
| Neither…nor | Ani...ani: She likes neither tea nor coffee. |
| Someone | Ktoś: Someone is at the door. |
| Something | Coś: I heard something strange. |
| Somewhere | Gdzieś: Let’s go somewhere nice. |
| Anyone | Ktokolwiek: Anyone can join. |
| Anything | Cokolwiek: Do you have anything to eat? |
| Anywhere | Gdziekolwiek: You can sit anywhere. |
| No one | Nikt: No one knows the answer. |
| Nothing | Nic: There’s nothing here. |
| Nowhere | Nigdzie: I have nowhere to go. |
| Everyone | Wszyscy: Everyone loves music. |
| Everything | Wszystko: Everything is fine. |
| Everywhere | Wszędzie: I looked everywhere. |
| Some vs any | Some – w zdaniach twierdzących; Any – w pytaniach i przeczeniach. |
| Each other – use | Wzajemnie: They love each other. |
| One another – use | Używane podobnie jak each other. |
| Pronoun agreement | Zaimki muszą zgadzać się z rzeczownikiem w liczbie i rodzaju. |
| Pronouns summary | Subject, object, possessive, reflexive, indefinite, reciprocal. |
| Prepositions – definition | Przyimki pokazują relację między słowami w zdaniu. |
| Prepositions of time | At, in, on, within. |
| At – time | At 6 o’clock, at night, at the weekend. |
| In – time | In the morning, in 2020, in summer. |
| On – time | On Monday, on Christmas Day. |
| Within – time | Within two days = w ciągu dwóch dni. |
| Prepositions of place | In, on, at, in front of, behind, between, next to, under, above. |
| In – place | In a room, in a city, in a car. |
| On – place | On the wall, on the table, on the bus. |
| At – place | At school, at work, at home. |
| In front of | Przed: The car is in front of the house. |
| Behind | Za: The garden is behind the house. |
| Between | Pomiędzy dwoma: Between two trees. |
| Next to | Obok: Sit next to me. |
| Under | Pod: The cat is under the table. |
| Above | Nad: The lamp is above the bed. |
| Opposite | Naprzeciwko: The bank is opposite the school. |
| Prepositions of movement | Out of, over, across, along, towards, from, to. |
| Out of | Wychodzić z: He ran out of the room. |
| Over | Nad: The bird flew over the house. |
| Across | Przez: Walk across the street. |
| Along | Wzdłuż: They walked along the river. |
| Towards | W kierunku: She walked towards me. |
| From – to | Z – do: From home to work. |
| Prepositions of cause/manner | By, with, to, in. |
| By – cause | Zrobione przez: The book was written by Tolstoy. |
| With – instrument | Z użyciem czegoś: Cut with a knife. |
| To – relation | Related to science = związany z nauką. |
| In – reason | Rich in vitamins = bogaty w witaminy. |
| Prepositions after adjectives | Afraid of, interested in, good at, bad at, proud of. |
| Prepositions after verbs | Listen to, depend on, wait for, belong to. |
| Prepositions after nouns | A reason for, an answer to, a relationship with. |
| Common preposition mistakes | Discuss ❌about / Enter ❌to / Ask ❌to. |
| Prepositions of time summary | At night, in the morning, on Monday. |
| Prepositions of place summary | In London, on the bus, at the station. |
| Prepositions of movement summary | Go across, walk along, run towards. |
| The Passive Voice – definition | Używamy, gdy nie jest ważne, kto wykonał czynność. |
| Active vs Passive | Active: Someone cleaned the room. Passive: The room was cleaned. |
| Passive – structure | Be + past participle (III forma). |
| Passive – tenses | Be dostosowuje się do czasu: is cleaned, was cleaned, will be cleaned. |
| Present Simple passive | The room is cleaned every day. |
| Past Simple passive | The room was cleaned yesterday. |
| Future Simple passive | The room will be cleaned tomorrow. |
| Present Continuous passive | The room is being cleaned now. |
| Past Continuous passive | The room was being cleaned when I arrived. |
| Present Perfect passive | The room has been cleaned. |
| Modal verbs in passive | The work must be done today. |
| Passive – by phrase | Używamy “by” z wykonawcą: The cake was made by Tom. |
| Passive – without “by” | Pomijamy “by”, gdy wykonawca nie jest ważny. |
| Change to passive | They built this house in 1990 → This house was built in 1990. |
| Passive with two objects | He gave me a book → A book was given to me. |
| Question in passive | Was the house built in 2010? |
| Negative in passive | The house wasn’t built in 2010. |
| Passive – use | Gdy skupiamy się na czynności, nie na wykonawcy. |
| Common mistake – passive form | Nie używaj “be” z infinitive: ❌ is clean → ✅ is cleaned. |
| Passive – summary | Be + III forma; zmieniamy czasownik “be” zależnie od czasu. |
| Questions – definition | Pytania służą do uzyskania informacji. |
| General questions (yes/no) | Czy…? – odpowiedź tak/nie. |
| Do you like coffee? | Czy lubisz kawę? |
| Does she play the piano? | Czy ona gra na pianinie? |
| Did they go to school yesterday? | Czy oni poszli wczoraj do szkoły? |
| Will you come tomorrow? | Czy przyjdziesz jutro? |
| Are you ready? | Czy jesteś gotowy? |
| Was he at home? | Czy on był w domu? |
| Can you swim? | Czy potrafisz pływać? |
| Should I help you? | Czy powinienem ci pomóc? |
| General questions – structure | Do/Does/Did + podmiot + czasownik? |
| Special (wh-) questions | Pytania szczegółowe zaczynają się od: who, what, where, when, why, how. |
| What are you doing? | Co robisz? |
| Where do you live? | Gdzie mieszkasz? |
| When did you start? | Kiedy zacząłeś? |
| Who called you? | Kto do ciebie zadzwonił? |
| Why are you late? | Dlaczego się spóźniłeś? |
| How did you get here? | Jak się tu dostałeś? |
| How much money do you have? | Ile masz pieniędzy? |
| How often do you go to the gym? | Jak często chodzisz na siłownię? |
| Whose bag is this? | Czyja to torba? |
| Indirect questions – definition | Pytania pośrednie są bardziej uprzejme. |
| Indirect question – structure | Wprowadzenie (Could you tell me...) + szyk twierdzący. |
| Could you tell me where she lives? | Czy mógłbyś mi powiedzieć, gdzie ona mieszka? |
| Do you know what time it is? | Czy wiesz, która jest godzina? |
| I wonder if he’s at home. | Zastanawiam się, czy on jest w domu. |
| Can you tell me how it works? | Czy możesz mi powiedzieć, jak to działa? |
| Difference direct vs indirect | Where is she? → Could you tell me where she is? |
| Question word order | W pytaniu pośrednim NIE inwersji: I don’t know where he went. |
| Wh-questions summary | Who, what, where, when, why, how – zawsze na początku pytania. |
| Relative clauses – definition | Zdania przydawkowe opisują rzeczownik. |
| Defining relative clause | Nie ma przecinków – informacja niezbędna: The man who lives next door is a doctor. |
| Non-defining relative clause | Ma przecinki – dodatkowa informacja: My car, which I bought last year, is red. |
| Relative pronouns | Who (ludzie), which (rzeczy), that (oba), whose (czyj), where (miejsce), when (czas). |
| Who – example | The girl who called me is my friend. |
| Which – example | The book which I read was interesting. |
| That – example | The car that he drives is fast. |
| Whose – example | The man whose dog ran away is sad. |
| Where – example | The city where I was born is beautiful. |
| When – example | The day when we met was special. |
| Omitting relative pronoun | Można pominąć who/which, jeśli jest dopełnieniem: The book I read was good. |
| Prepositions in relative clauses | This is the person I spoke to. |
| Prepositions before relative pronoun | This is the person to whom I spoke (formalnie). |
| Non-defining relative clause – commas | My sister, who lives in Paris, is an architect. |
| Defining vs non-defining | Defining – bez przecinków, Non-defining – z przecinkami. |
| Relative clause – subject/object | Subject: who helped me / Object: who I helped. |
| That – restriction | Nie używamy “that” po przecinkach i w non-defining clauses. |
| Whose – possession | Student whose book is on the desk. |
| Which referring to whole clause | He failed the test, which surprised everyone. |
| Relative pronoun omission | He’s the man (who) I met yesterday. |
| Relative adverbs | Where, when, why – zamiast przyimka + which. |
| Adverbial clauses – definition | Zdania okolicznikowe określają okoliczności czynności. |
| Adverbial clauses of time | When, before, after, until, while, as soon as. |
| I’ll call you when I get home. | Zadzwonię, gdy wrócę do domu. |
| Wait here until I come back. | Poczekaj tutaj, aż wrócę. |
| I always brush my teeth before I go to bed. | Myję zęby, zanim pójdę spać. |
| After he finished, he went home. | Po skończeniu poszedł do domu. |
| Adverbial clauses of place | Where, wherever. |
| Sit where you like. | Usiądź, gdzie chcesz. |
| Wherever you go, I’ll follow you. | Gdziekolwiek pójdziesz, pójdę za tobą. |
| Adverbial clauses of purpose | So that, in order that, to. |
| I study hard so that I can pass the exam. | Uczę się pilnie, żeby zdać egzamin. |
| He spoke loudly so that everyone could hear. | Mówił głośno, żeby wszyscy słyszeli. |
| Adverbial clauses of result | So...that, such...that. |
| It was so cold that we stayed at home. | Było tak zimno, że zostaliśmy w domu. |
| It was such a nice day that we went for a walk. | Był taki miły dzień, że poszliśmy na spacer. |
| Adverbial clauses of reason | Because, since, as. |
| I stayed at home because it was raining. | Zostałem w domu, ponieważ padało. |
| As he was tired, he went to bed. | Ponieważ był zmęczony, poszedł spać. |
| Since you’re here, let’s start. | Skoro jesteś, zacznijmy. |
| Adverbial clauses of concession | Although, though, even though. |
| Although it was raining, we went out. | Mimo że padało, wyszliśmy. |
| Though he’s rich, he’s not happy. | Choć jest bogaty, nie jest szczęśliwy. |
| Even though she was tired, she helped me. | Mimo że była zmęczona, pomogła mi. |
| Adverbial clauses of manner | As, as if, as though. |
| He talks as if he knew everything. | Mówi tak, jakby wszystko wiedział. |
| She looked as though she had seen a ghost. | Wyglądała, jakby zobaczyła ducha. |
| Adverbial clauses of degree | So...that, such...that – wyrażają stopień intensywności. |
| Adverbial conjunctions | Because, when, although, before, after, while, if. |
| Word order in adverbial clauses | Połączenie z przecinkiem, jeśli zdanie okolicznikowe na początku. |
| Punctuation rule | If it starts the sentence → use a comma; if it ends → no comma. |
| Main vs subordinate clause | Main = zdanie główne; Subordinate = zdanie podrzędne. |
| Adverbial clauses summary | Czasu, miejsca, celu, skutku, przyczyny, przyzwolenia, sposobu, stopnia. |
| Question tags | You’re tired, aren’t you? |
| Indirect questions | Do you know where he lives? |
| Relative clauses + prepositions | The woman I work with is my boss. |
| Defining relative clause example | The book that I bought is interesting. |
| Adverbial clause example | I’ll help you if you need me. |
| Conditional sentences – definition | Zdania warunkowe opisują sytuacje zależne od spełnienia warunku. |
| Zero Conditional – structure | If + Present Simple, Present Simple |
| Zero Conditional – use | Prawdy ogólne, fakty naukowe. |
| If you heat water, it boils. | Jeśli podgrzejesz wodę, ona wrze. |
| If it rains, the grass gets wet. | Jeśli pada, trawa robi się mokra. |
| If you don’t water flowers, they die. | Jeśli nie podlewasz kwiatów, one umierają. |
| Zero Conditional – time words | When zamiast if w ogólnych prawdach. |
| First Conditional – structure | If + Present Simple, will + infinitive |
| First Conditional – use | Prawdopodobne sytuacje w przyszłości. |
| If it rains, we will stay at home. | Jeśli będzie padać, zostaniemy w domu. |
| If I study hard, I will pass the exam. | Jeśli będę się pilnie uczyć, zdam egzamin. |
| If you hurry, you will catch the bus. | Jeśli się pospieszysz, złapiesz autobus. |
| If she calls, I will answer. | Jeśli zadzwoni, odbiorę. |
| First Conditional – negative | If you don’t eat, you will be hungry. |
| First Conditional – question | What will you do if it rains? |
| Second Conditional – structure | If + Past Simple, would + infinitive |
| Second Conditional – use | Mało prawdopodobne lub nierealne sytuacje w teraźniejszości lub przyszłości. |
| If I had a car, I would drive to work. | Gdybym miał samochód, jeździłbym do pracy. |
| If I were you, I would study more. | Na twoim miejscu więcej bym się uczył. |
| If it were sunny, we would go out. | Gdyby było słonecznie, wyszlibyśmy. |
| If she lived closer, I would visit her. | Gdyby mieszkała bliżej, odwiedzałbym ją. |
| Second Conditional – were vs was | W formalnym języku używamy “were” ze wszystkimi osobami. |
| Third Conditional – structure | If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle |
| Third Conditional – use | Niestane sytuacje w przeszłości, wyrażające żal lub hipotetyczny rezultat. |
| If I had studied, I would have passed the test. | Gdybym się uczył, zdałbym test. |
| If it had rained, we would have stayed at home. | Gdyby padało, zostalibyśmy w domu. |
| If she had known, she would have told me. | Gdyby wiedziała, powiedziałaby mi. |
| If they had left earlier, they would have arrived on time. | Gdyby wyszli wcześniej, dotarliby na czas. |
| Third Conditional – negative | If I hadn’t eaten so much, I wouldn’t have felt sick. |
| Mixed Conditional – structure | If + Past Perfect, would + infinitive |
| Mixed Conditional – use | Warunek z przeszłości z rezultatem w teraźniejszości. |
| If I had studied medicine, I would be a doctor now. | Gdybym studiował medycynę, byłbym teraz lekarzem. |
| If I hadn’t eaten so much, I wouldn’t feel sick now. | Gdybym tyle nie zjadł, nie czułbym się teraz źle. |
| Common Conditional Mistake | Nie używaj “will” po “if” w zdaniu warunkowym. |
| Unless – use | Jeśli nie = unless: Unless you hurry, you’ll miss the bus. |
| As long as / Provided that / On condition that | Tak długo jak / pod warunkiem że: You can go out as long as you finish your work. |
| Wish – definition | Wyraża żal lub pragnienie, by coś było inne. |
| Wish + Past Simple | Żal dotyczący teraźniejszości: I wish I knew the answer. |
| Wish + Past Perfect | Żal dotyczący przeszłości: I wish I had studied harder. |
| Wish + would | I wish you would stop shouting. |
| If only – meaning | Życzenie lub żal (formalnie): If only I had more time. |
| It’s high time + Past Simple | Najwyższy czas, by coś zrobić: It’s high time you went to bed. |
| I’d rather + Past Simple | Wolałbym, żebyś coś zrobił: I’d rather you stayed home. |
| I’d prefer + to infinitive | I’d prefer to stay at home. |
| I’d prefer + object + to infinitive | I’d prefer you to stay here. |
| Wish – present unreal | I wish I were taller. |
| Wish – past unreal | I wish I hadn’t said that. |
| Wish – about others | I wish he would call me. |
| If only + Past Simple | If only I were rich! |
| If only + Past Perfect | If only I had told her the truth. |
| It’s time / It’s about time | It’s time we left. |
| I hope vs I wish | I hope = mam nadzieję; I wish = żałuję lub pragnę. |
| There is / There are – use | Istnieje / znajdują się: There is a cat on the table. / There are books on the shelf. |
| There was / There were | Był / były: There was a problem. There were many people. |
| There has been / There have been | Był / były (do teraz): There have been changes. |
| There will be | Będzie: There will be a meeting tomorrow. |
| There used to be | Kiedyś było: There used to be a park here. |
| There is going to be | Zaraz będzie: There is going to be a storm. |
| There was no… | Nie było: There was no water in the bottle. |
| Is there / Are there – question | Is there a bathroom? / Are there any apples? |
| There isn’t / There aren’t – negative | There isn’t any milk. / There aren’t any chairs. |
| It is – definition | It służy do opisywania pogody, czasu, dystansu, sytuacji. |
| It’s raining. | Pada. |
| It’s cold today. | Dziś jest zimno. |
| It’s five o’clock. | Jest piąta. |
| It’s Monday. | Jest poniedziałek. |
| It’s ten kilometers to the city. | Do miasta jest dziesięć kilometrów. |
| It’s easy to learn English. | Łatwo się nauczyć angielskiego. |
| It was difficult to answer that question. | Trudno było odpowiedzieć na to pytanie. |
| There vs It – difference | There – istnienie; It – opis. |
| There’s a problem. It’s serious. | Jest problem. Jest poważny. |
| It’s time to go. | Czas iść. |
| It seems that he’s right. | Wydaje się, że ma rację. |
| It looks like rain. | Wygląda, że będzie padać. |
| It’s no use / It’s worth | It’s no use crying. / It’s worth seeing. |
| There + be summary | There is / are / was / were / will be + noun. |
| It + be summary | It is + adjective / noun / time / weather. |
| Conditional summary | 0 – facts, 1 – real future, 2 – unreal now, 3 – unreal past. |
| Wish and If only summary | Wish = żal / pragnienie; If only = formalne życzenie. |
| Question tags – definition | Pytania rozłączne służą do potwierdzenia lub zaprzeczenia informacji. |
| Question tags – structure | Twierdzenie + przeczenie / Przeczenie + twierdzenie. |
| You’re a student, aren’t you? | Jesteś studentem, prawda? |
| She isn’t at home, is she? | Nie ma jej w domu, prawda? |
| He can swim, can’t he? | On umie pływać, prawda? |
| They won’t come, will they? | Nie przyjdą, prawda? |
| We were late, weren’t we? | Spóźniliśmy się, prawda? |
| Let’s go, shall we? | Chodźmy, dobrze? |
| I’m right, aren’t I? | Mam rację, prawda? |
| Don’t forget, will you? | Nie zapomnij, dobrze? |
| Question tags – intonation | W górę = pytanie, w dół = oczekiwanie potwierdzenia. |
| Question tags – agreement | Czasownik pomocniczy musi zgadzać się z głównym czasem zdania. |
| So do I – meaning | Ja też (zgoda z twierdzeniem). |
| I love coffee. So do I. | Uwielbiam kawę. Ja też. |
| She can dance very well. So can I. | Ona potrafi tańczyć bardzo dobrze. Ja też. |
| Neither do I – meaning | Ja też nie (zgoda z przeczeniem). |
| I don’t like fish. Neither do I. | Nie lubię ryb. Ja też nie. |
| He isn’t tired. Neither is she. | On nie jest zmęczony. Ona też nie. |
| So am I / So have I | So am I – ja też jestem; So have I – ja też mam. |
| Neither was I / Neither will I | Ja też nie byłem / Ja też nie będę. |
| So / Neither – structure | So/Neither + auxiliary verb + subject. |
| Agreeing with positive | So + auxiliary + subject. |
| Agreeing with negative | Neither + auxiliary + subject. |
| Question tags summary | Krótka końcówka z czasownikiem pomocniczym – do potwierdzenia informacji. |
| Infinitive – definition | Bezokolicznik to forma podstawowa czasownika (to + verb). |
| Infinitive – example | to go, to see, to eat. |
| Infinitive without to | Po modalnych: can, must, should, may, might, will, let, make, help. |
| I can swim. | Umiem pływać. |
| He helped me do my homework. | Pomógł mi odrobić pracę domową. |
| Verbs followed by infinitive | want, hope, decide, need, plan, agree, learn, promise. |
| I want to go out. | Chcę wyjść. |
| She decided to stay home. | Zdecydowała się zostać w domu. |
| We hope to see you soon. | Mamy nadzieję wkrótce cię zobaczyć. |
| Gerund (-ing) – definition | Forma czasownika z końcówką -ing używana jako rzeczownik. |
| Gerund – example | swimming, reading, playing. |
| Verbs followed by -ing | enjoy, like, love, hate, prefer, finish, avoid, suggest, mind. |
| I enjoy reading books. | Lubię czytać książki. |
| She avoided talking to him. | Unikała rozmowy z nim. |
| Do you mind opening the window? | Czy masz coś przeciwko otwarciu okna? |
| Verbs followed by infinitive or -ing (same meaning) | start, begin, continue, like, love, hate, prefer. |
| I like to swim. = I like swimming. | Lubię pływać. |
| He started to work. = He started working. | Zaczął pracować. |
| Verbs followed by infinitive or -ing (different meaning) | remember, stop, try, forget. |
| Remember to lock the door. | Pamiętaj, żeby zamknąć drzwi. |
| I remember locking the door. | Pamiętam, że zamknąłem drzwi. |
| Stop to smoke. | Zatrzymał się, żeby zapalić. |
| Stop smoking. | Przestał palić. |
| Try to open the window. | Spróbuj otworzyć okno (trudność). |
| Try opening the window. | Spróbuj otworzyć okno (propozycja). |
| Forget to call her. | Zapomniałem zadzwonić do niej. |
| Forget calling her. | Nie pamiętam, że do niej dzwoniłem. |
| Verb + object + to infinitive | want, expect, advise, tell, ask, help. |
| She told me to sit down. | Kazała mi usiąść. |
| He asked me to wait. | Poprosił mnie, żebym poczekał. |
| Verb + object + bare infinitive | let, make, help (sometimes). |
| Let me go. | Pozwól mi odejść. |
| My parents made me clean my room. | Rodzice kazali mi posprzątać pokój. |
| Czasowniki z bezokolicznikiem – podsumowanie | to + verb po większości czasowników: want, hope, need. |
| Czasowniki z -ing – podsumowanie | enjoy, avoid, finish, mind, suggest + -ing. |
| Too + infinitive | It’s too cold to go out. |
| Enough + infinitive | She’s strong enough to carry it. |
| It’s nice to meet you. | Miło cię poznać. |
| It’s hard to explain. | Trudno to wyjaśnić. |
| Both…and – use | Zarówno...jak i: Both Tom and Anna are here. |
| Either…or – use | Albo...albo: You can have either tea or coffee. |
| Neither…nor – use | Ani...ani: Neither Peter nor John was there. |
| Not only…but also | Nie tylko...ale też: She’s not only smart but also kind. |
| As well as | Jak również: He plays the guitar as well as the piano. |
| In addition | Dodatkowo: In addition, he speaks French. |
| Moreover | Co więcej: Moreover, he has experience. |
| However | Jednakże: He’s rich; however, he’s not happy. |
| Although | Chociaż: Although it’s raining, we went out. |
| Despite / In spite of | Pomimo: Despite the rain, we went out. |
| Therefore | Dlatego też: It was late; therefore, we went home. |
| Because of / Due to | Z powodu: The game was canceled due to rain. |
| Firstly / Secondly / Finally | Po pierwsze / Po drugie / Na koniec. |
| On the one hand / On the other hand | Z jednej strony / Z drugiej strony. |
| For example / For instance | Na przykład. |
| That’s why | Dlatego: That’s why I left. |
| In conclusion | Podsumowując: In conclusion, the experiment was successful. |
| As a result | W rezultacie: He worked hard. As a result, he succeeded. |
| So that | Aby: He spoke loudly so that everyone could hear. |
| In order to | Aby: She left early in order to catch the train. |
| Connecting structures – summary | Spójniki i konstrukcje łączą zdania, pokazując relacje między nimi. |
| Koniec | Koniec |