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A&P 9 Joints
A&P Lecture Wk 4 Chap 9 Joints
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ball and socket joints: | these are shoulder & hip joints: the only multiaxial joints in body in both cases, one bone humerus or femur, has a smooth hemispherical head that fits into a cuplike socket on other (glenoid cavity of scapula or acetabulum of the hip bone) |
| Pivot joints: | joints that rotate within a ring on a single axis; the ring is formed partly of bone and partly of the ligament. An example is the joint between the radius and ulna that allows you to turn the palm of your hand up and down. |
| Hinge joints: | those that allow movement along one plane. They facilitate bending and straightening actions, such as flexing a finger. |
| Ellipsoidal joints: | where an oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone. allow for movement in two planes: flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. Ex: wrist (radiocarpal joint) & metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles). |
| Joint (articulation): | any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at that interface |
| Joints link the | bones of the skeletal system, permit effective movement, and protect the softer organs - Joint anatomy and movements will provide a foundation for the study of muscle actions |
| Kinesiology: | the study of musculoskeletal movement A branch of biomechanics, which deals with a broad variety of movements and mechanical processes |
| Joint name: | typically derived from the names of the bones involved (example: radioulnar joint) - Joints are classified according to the manner in which the bones are bound to each other |
| 4 major joint categories | Bony joints • Fibrous joints • Cartilaginous joints • Synovial joints |
| Fibrous joint, or synarthrosis, | adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate into the other Connects bones with dense fibrous connective tissue mostly immovable |
| 3 kinds of Fibrous joints | Sutures, gomphosis, and syndesmoses |
| Sutures: | are immobile or slightly mobile fibrous joints in which short collagen fibers bind the bones of the skull to each other - only found in cranium, overtime turn into bony joint |
| Sutures can be classified as: Serrate: | interlocking wavy lines/like a jigsaw puzzle Coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures |
| Bony joint, or synostosis: | an immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies, and the bones become, in effect, a single bone Examples: Cranial sutures in elderly |
| Gomphosis: | attachment of a tooth to its socket, found in teeth; holds teeth into jaw - Held in place by fibrous periodontal ligament Collagen fibers attach tooth to jawbone Allows the tooth to move a little under the stress of chewing |
| Syndesmoses: | fibrous joint at which two bones are bound relatively by long collagenous bones |
| Example of a very mobile syndesmosis: | interosseous membrane joining radius to ulna allowing supination and pronation |
| Example of a less mobile syndesmosis: | joint between tibia to fibula tibia - fibula and rad- ulna; long sheet on CT |
| In sutures and gomphosis, | the fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement |
| In syndesmoses, | the fibers are longer and the attached bones are more mobile |
| cartilaginous joints | synchondrosis and symphysis bones joined by hyaline cartilage Are amphiarthrosis |
| Synchrondrosis : | 1st rib attached to sternum; growth plate held together primarily w hyaline cartilage Temporary joints in epiphyseal plates in children Bind epiphysis to diaphysis Other costal cartilages joined to sternum by synovial joints |
| Symphysis : | two joints joined by fibrocartilage - pubic symphysis;* fibrocartilage Pubic symphysis joins right and left pubic bones with interpubic disc |
| Synovial joint, or diarthrosis: | joint in which two bones are separated by a joint cavity - Most familiar type of joint - Most are freely mobile - structurally complex - develop painful dysfunction - important for physical/occupational therapists, - important to QOF |
| General Anatomy of Synovial Joints | It has the articular cartilage, joint articular cavity, and synovial fluid |
| Articular cartilage: | layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the facing surfaces of two bones Usually 2 or 3 mm thick |
| Joint (articular) cavity: | separates articular surfaces |
| Synovial fluid: | slippery lubricant in joint cavity Rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid Gives it a viscous, slippery texture like raw egg whites Nourishes articular cartilage and removes waste Makes movement of synovial joints almost friction free |
| Joint (articular) capsule: | connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid |
| Outer fibrous capsule: | continuous with periosteum of adjoining bones |
| Inner, cellular, synovial membrane: | composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete synovial fluid and macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity |
| In a few synovial joints, | fibrocartilage grows inward from the joint capsule |
| Meniscus: | moon-shaped cartilage in knee; in each knee, menisci extend inward from the left and right These cartilages absorb shock and pressure Guide bones across each other and improve their fit together Stabilize the joints, reducing the chance of dislocation |
| Synovial joint accessory structures: | Tendon and ligament, bursa, tendon sheaths, synovial fluid, |
| Bursa: | fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between muscles, where tendon pass over bone, or between bone and skin |
| Tendon sheath: | elongated cylindrical bursa wrapped around a tendon - can have ligaments slide inside this sheath |
| Exercise warms synovial fluid, so that it is more | easily absorbed by cartilage Cartilage then swells and provides a more effective cushion - becomes thicker so that is less able to wear/tear Warm-up period before vigorous exercise helps protect cartilage from undue wear and tear |
| Repetitive compression of nonvascular cartilage during exercise squeezes | fluid and metabolic waste out of the cartilage, then absorbs synovial fluid like a sponge Without exercise, cartilage deteriorates more rapidly from inadequate nutrition and waste removal |
| Range of motion (ROM): | the degrees through which a joint can move Physical assessment of a patient's joint flexibility |
| Range of motion is determined by: | Structure of articular surfaces - Ex: elbow Strength & tautness of ligaments & joint capsules - Stretching of ligaments increases ROM Action of muscles & tendons - NS monitors joint position & muscle tone |
| Written on board Range of motion is determined by: | - Structure of joint surfaces - Strength and tightness of connective tissue components - Action of muscles |
| - Muscle tone: | state of tension maintained in resting muscle |
| Zero position: | the position of a joint when a person is in the standard anatomical position Default resting position Joint movements described as deviating from the zero position or returning to it |
| Joint capsule encloses only the | lateral and posterior aspects of the knee Anterior aspect covered by patellar ligament and lateral and medial retinacula All are extensions of the tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle |
| Knee stabilized by: | Quadriceps tendon in front Tendon of semimembranosus muscle on rear of thigh Lateral meniscus and medial meniscus |
| Lateral meniscus and medial meniscus: | C-shaped cartilages within joint capsule Absorb shock and prevent side-to-side rocking Joined by transverse ligament |
| Popliteal (posterior) region of knee: Extracapsular ligaments | Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament Tibial (medial) collateral ligament |
| Intracapsular ligaments cross each other to | form an X |
| Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) | Prevents hyperextension of knee when ACL is pulled tight Common site of knee injury |
| Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) | Prevents femur from sliding off tibia |
| Tibiofemoral (knee) joint: | largest and most complex diarthrosis(freely moveable joint) of the body Primarily a hinge joint |
| Arthritis: | a broad term for pain and inflammation of joints Most common crippling disease in the United States |
| Rheumatologists: | physicians who treat arthritis and other joint disorders |
| Osteoarthritis (OA): | most common form of arthritis Wear and tear arthritis Results from years of joint wear Articular cartilage softens and degenerates |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | : autoimmune attack against the joint tissue Misguided antibodies (rheumatoid factor) attacks the synovial membrane, enzymes in synovial fluid degrade the articular cartilage, joint begins to ossify |
| Arthroplasty: | replacement of diseased joint with artificial device called prosthesis |
| Three major bone cells and a brief description of what they do: | Octeocyte: monitors bone Osteoblast: builds bone Osteoclast: dissolves bone |
| How does an osteoblast build bone | : the osteoblast produces collagen, then it secretes osteoids, and the calcium phosphate crystallizes |
| List the steps of the endochondral ossification: | Stem cells make chondroblasts Chondroblast lay down cartilage and chondrocytes swell Chondrocytes explode, and it crystallizes the matrix Stem cells make osteoblasts |
| If high on calcium and phosphate, we can stick it in the bone for later | If low on calcium and phosphate, we can ask osteoclast to give dissolve some |
| Osteoclasts can use acid to | dissolve the hardened matrix - has to account for the classified matrix - protease breaks down the collagen, - enzymes melt with the acid Acid breaks down bone matrix and calcium phosphate Protease breaks down collagen |
| What are the four steps of fracture repair: - is stable when there is bone tissue: - Soft callous is when the patient wants to move around | Hematoma Formation: Blood accumulates, stimulates growth of new vessels Soft Callous: fibrocartilage temporarily holds pieces together Hard Callous: osteoblasts build bone to hold pieces together Bone Remodeling: Osteoclasts remodel and clean |
| List the steps of the endochondral ossification: pt 2. osteoblasts | Osteoblasts lays down collagen Osteoblasts secrete osteoids Osteoblasts produce calcium phosphate Osteocytes monitor new bone Osteoclasts remodel |
| Body movement: | happen when muscles contract across joints, moving one bone to another |
| Synarthrosis: | non-moving joints such as the joints that make up the cranium |
| Amphiarthrosis: | partly moving joints such as the the spot where the two pubic joints meet |
| Diarthrosis: | fully moveable joints such as the knee and elbow joints, mainly found in the limbs |
| Which of the following examples represent a bony joint, or synostosis? | An infant is born with right and left mandibular bones, but they soon fuse into a single bone. |
| A synostosis is an immobile joint formed when the: | gap between two bones ossifies & become a single bone. Bony joints can form by ossification of either fibrous or cartilaginous joints. Cranial sutures do not develop into a synostosis until advanced age. |
| What is a cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage binds the bones together called? | synchondrosis |
| The fusion of the right and left mandible into a single mandible bone during fetal development is an example of the formation of what kind of joint? | Synotosis |
| The classification of a joint as bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial describes which of the following? | How the bone ends are held together within the joint |
| Joints are classified according to the manner in which | the adjacent bones are connected, with corresponding differences in how freely the bones can move. There are three major structural categories of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. |
| Bones that join together and are held in place with threads of collagen form a(n) BLANK joint. | Synarthrosis |
| 2. A suture is a fibrous joint between two BLANK bones. | Skull |
| 3. Bones joined together with cartilage between the ends of the bones form a(n) BLANK joint. | Synchondrosis |
| 4. The pubic BLANK is a cartilaginous joint in the anterior pelvis. | Symphysis |
| 5. The most complex joints are BLANK. They display varying amounts of mobility. | Diarthrosis |
| 6. The synovial joint with the highest degree of movement is called a BLANK joint. | Ball and Socket Joint |
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