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PSYCH
exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the social clock and how does it affect stress? | Refers to culturally preferred timing of life events. Following it can reduce stress (Heckhausen). |
| What are proximal and distal causes in gender theories? | Proximal causes are immediate environmental influences; distal causes are historical or evolutionary pressures. |
| What are Arnett’s five features of emerging adulthood? | Identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and possibilities. |
| What defines traditional marriage in adulthood? | A formal intimate partnership with shared responsibilities and societal recognition. |
| What does Parental Investment Theory suggest? | Women invest more in each child, influencing gender role shifts in parenting. |
| How does the empty nest affect happiness? | It often increases happiness due to reduced parenting demands. |
| What challenges do grandfamilies face? | Financial strain and issues originating from the parents of the grandchildren. |
| How do social roles change in late adulthood? | They simplify, reflecting earlier roles with fewer responsibilities. |
| What is the Internal Working Model in attachment theory? | Beliefs and expectations about relationships formed early in life. |
| What is a social convoy? | A dynamic network of relationships that supports individuals throughout life. |
| What does Socioemotional Selectivity Theory say about aging and relationships? | Older adults prioritize meaningful relationships over quantity. |
| What traits helped humans survive according to evolutionary psychology? | Cooperation, loyalty, and social inclusion. |
| What do women and men typically value in mate selection? | Women value status/resources; men value attractiveness/health |
| How do adult romantic relationships reflect early attachment? | They mirror attachment bonds formed with caregivers. |
| What is relationship erosion according to Markham? | Negative interactions that gradually diminish relationship quality. |
| What is consensual solidarity? | Agreement between parents and children on values and beliefs. |
| How does attachment change in adolescence? | It shifts from physical proximity to communication |
| What is the Grandmother Effect? | Grandmothers historically increased child survival rates. |
| How do sibling relationships change over time? | They decline during child-rearing years and increase in later adulthood. |
| What does Person-Environment Fit theory suggest? | Success depends on matching personal talents to occupational demands. |
| How do men and women differ in career patterns? | Men work full-time longer; women change jobs more often. |
| What influences occupational gender segregation? | Gendered interests, status expectations, and family support. |
| What is the ability-expertise tradeoff? | As ability declines with age, job expertise increases. |
| What is the U-shaped curve of job satisfaction? | High in youth and older age, lower in midlife due to stress. |
| What is job burnout? | Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced effectiveness. |
| What is retirement? | The stage when adults leave the full-time workforce. |
| What is the trend in workforce age? | It is expected to increase. |
| What factors influence retirement decisions? | Finances, health, family, career commitment, and leisure interests. |
| How does retirement affect well-being? | It typically causes little change for most people. |
| What are the five traits in the Five Factor Model? | Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. |
| What is differential continuity? | Stability in personality rank order over time. |
| How do traits change with age? | Neuroticism, extroversion, and openness decrease; agreeableness and conscientiousness increase. |
| What is intra-individual variability? | Changes in personality traits within an individual over time. |
| How do personality traits affect romantic relationships? | Similar traits enhance compatibility; high neuroticism and low agreeableness can harm relationships. |
| Which trait predicts work achievement? | Conscientiousness. |
| How much of personality is genetic? | About 20% of variance. |
| What do twin studies show about personality change? | Genetics influence early personality; environment shapes adult personality. |
| What is reactive heritability? | Using inherited traits to guide survival and reproduction strategies. |
| What is Erikson’s Stage VII of adulthood? | Generativity vs. Self-Absorption & Stagnation, peaking in middle age. |
| What is Vaillant’s Mature Adaptation? | Psychological coping mechanisms developed in adulthood. |
| What does Self-Determination Theory emphasize? | Growth through intrinsic goals like relationships and community involvement. |
| What is Gender Schema Theory? | It explains how individuals internalize gender roles based on societal modeling and expectations. |
| What are instrumental and communal qualities in gender stereotypes? | Instrumental qualities are masculine traits; communal qualities are feminine traits. |
| What is Social Role Theory? | It suggests gender roles are learned through cultural modeling and division of labor. |
| What is the Economic Exchange Theory? | Intimate partnerships are formed based on exchange of goods and services. |
| What is the curvilinear relationship between parenthood and marital happiness? | Happiness before children, stress during child-rearing, happiness again after children leave home. |
| What happens to physical health and quality of life in middle adulthood? | Health stabilizes and quality of life increases. |
| What role do grandparents often take in middle adulthood? | They may become caregivers for their own parents or grandchildren. |
| What is Attachment Orientation? | Patterns of expectations, needs, and emotions in relationships. |
| What does oxytocin influence in relationships? | It plays a role in mother-infant bonding and romantic attachment. |
| What are the four adult attachment types? | Secure, anxious, fearful, avoidant. |
| What are the five components of Gottman’s “Story of Us”? | Fondness & admiration, we vs me, love maps, purpose & meaning vs chaos, satisfaction vs disappointment. |
| What is vocational interest according to Holland? | People are drawn to careers that match their personality types across six areas. |
| What are the six vocational interest areas? | Social, investigative, realistic, enterprising, artistic, conventional. |
| What is work-family spillover? | Work influences family life. |
| What is family-work spillover? | Family life influences work. |
| What are work-related and retirement-related values? | Work-related: salary, pension, benefits from working longer. Retirement-related: personal wealth, social security, pension, and health benefits from retiring. |
| What is differential continuity vs mean-level change? | Differential continuity is rank order stability; mean-level change is average trait change over time. |
| What are person-environment transactions? | Reactive, evocative, proactive, and manipulative interactions that shape personality. |
| What does Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs emphasize? | Basic needs must be met before self-actualization and growth. |
| What are intrinsic vs extrinsic goals in Self-Determination Theory? | Intrinsic goals promote well-being; extrinsic goals are linked to psychological ill-being. |
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