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Exam 2 anatomybio211
Exam 2 anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four properties of muscle tissue? | Contractility, Excitability, Extensibility, Elasticity |
| What connects muscle to bone? | Tendon |
| What is a broad, flat sheet-like tendon called? | Aponeurosis |
| What are the attachment site terms for muscles? | Superior/inferior or proximal/distal |
| What is the thick middle portion of a muscle called? | Belly |
| What is an agonist (prime mover)? | The muscle responsible for a specific movement |
| What is an antagonist? | A muscle that opposes the prime mover |
| What are synergists? | Muscles that assist the prime mover |
| : What are fixators? | Muscles that stabilize the origin of the prime mover |
| What are the main muscle shape categories? | Pennate, Parallel, Convergent, Circular (sphincter) |
| Types of pennate muscles? | Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate |
| What muscle type? No striations, involuntary, located on walls of organs and vessels | Smooth Muscle |
| What muscle type? Striations, voluntary, attached to bone | Skeletal Muscle |
| What muscle type? Striations (with intercalated discs), involuntary, located in the heart | Cardiac Muscle |
| Name the main muscles of facial expression. | Buccinator, Depressor labii inferioris, Levator labii superioris, Occipitofrontalis, Orbicularis oculi, Orbicularis oris, Platysma, Zygomaticus |
| What are the main muscles of mastication? | Masseter and Temporalis |
| Masseter attachment | Zygomatic arch → mandible |
| Temporalis attachment | Temporal bone → coronoid process of mandible |
| Name the muscles that move the head and neck. | Semispinalis capitis, Splenius capitis, Trapezius, Sternocleidomastoid |
| Name the muscles of the anterior neck | Digastric (anterior & posterior bellies), Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, Sternohyoid, Omohyoid |
| Name the major back groups | Erector spinae group, deep muscles |
| What is in the erector spinae group? | Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis |
| What is in the deep muscles group? | Semispinalis, Interspinales, Multifidus |
| What muscles assist with breathing? | Diaphragm, External and Internal intercostals |
| List the muscles of the abdominal wall. | Rectus abdominis, External oblique, Internal oblique, Transversus abdominis |
| What is an articulation? | A joint — a point where two bones meet |
| What are the 3 structural classifications of joints? | Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial |
| What are the parts of a synovial joint? | Articular cartilage, joint cavity, capsule, fibrous layer, synovial membrane, bursa, bone |
| Flexion vs. Extension? | Flexion decreases angle; extension increases it |
| Abduction vs. Adduction? | Abduction moves away from midline; adduction moves toward midline |
| what is rotation? | Bone turns around its own axis |
| Pronation vs. Supination? | Pronation = palm down; supination = palm up |
| What is circumduction? | Movement in a circular path |
| Elevation vs. Depression? | Upward vs. downward movement |
| Protraction vs. Retraction? | Forward vs. backward movement (e.g., jaw) |
| Name key ligaments of the shoulder. | Glenohumeral, Transverse humeral, Coracohumeral, Coracoacromial, Coracoclavicular |
| What muscles make up the rotator cuff? | Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis |
| Key ligaments and structures of knee joint? | Anterior & Posterior cruciate ligaments, Tibial & Fibular collateral ligaments, Medial & Lateral menisci |
| What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? | Central (CNS) and Peripheral (PNS) |
| : What are the functional divisions of the PNS? | Sensory and Motor |
| : What are the divisions of the ANS? | Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
| What are the parts of a neuron? | Cell body, dendrite, axon, nucleolus |
| Difference between neuron and glial cell? | Neurons transmit signals; glial cells support and protect neurons |
| What are the types of shapes of neurons? | Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar |
| Action of sensory neurons | Carries info to CNS |
| Action of motor neurons | Carries commands to muscles |
| Action of interneuron | Connects neurons within CNS |
| Glial cells of the CNS | Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Ependymal, Microglial |
| Function of CNS glial cells | Support & form myelin |
| Glial cells of PNS | Schwann, Satellite |
| Function of PNS glial cells | Myelination & support |
| Where does the spinal cord begin and end? | Begins at foramen magnum, ends near L1–L2 |
| What are the meninges (superficial to deep)? | Dura mater → Arachnoid mater → Pia mater |
| Spaces between meninges? | Epidural, Subdural, Subarachnoid |
| White matter vs. Gray matter? | White = myelinated tracts; Gray = cell bodies |
| Dorsal root function? | Sensory input |
| Ventral root function? | Motor output |
| What is in the Pectoral girdle (skeleton)? | Scapula, Clavicle |
| What is in the arm (skeleton)? | Humerus |
| What is in the forearm (skeleton)? | Ulna, Radius |
| What is in the hand (skeleton)? | Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges |
| Pelvic Girdle (skeleton)? | Two os coxae, sacrum |
| Thigh (skeleton)? | Femur |
| Leg (skeleton)? | Tibia Fibula |
| Foot (skeleton)? | Tarsals – Talus, Calcaneus |
| What do Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes have in common? | Both form myelin sheaths around axons. |
| What part of the neuron receives incoming signals? | Dendrites. |
| What part of the neuron sends outgoing signals? | The axon. |
| What is a ganglion? | A collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS. |
| What space lies between the dura mater and the vertebrae? | The epidural space. |
| What space lies between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater? | The subdural space. |
| What space lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater? | The subarachnoid space. |
| Where does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulate around the spinal cord? | In the subarachnoid space. |
| What is found in the epidural space? | Fat, connective tissue, and blood vessels. |
| What is the central canal of the spinal cord? | A small channel in the center of the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid. |
| What are the three main regions of white matter in the spinal cord? | Lateral, anterior, and posterior columns |
| What are the three horns of gray matter? | Anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal), and lateral horns. |
| “The subdural space contains blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid" True or False | False, The subdural space doesn’t normally contain these — they’re in the subarachnoid and epidural spaces. |
| Which region of the spinal cord contains neurons responsible for somatic motor control? | The anterior horns. |
| Which spinal nerves do not enter a plexus? | Thoracic spinal nerves T2–T12. |
| What plexus is the cervical plexus associated with? | C1–C4 spinal nerves. |
| What major nerve comes from the cervical plexus? | Phrenic nerve. |
| What plexus is the brachial plexus associated with? | C5–T1 spinal nerves. |
| Which major nerves arise from the brachial plexus? | Radial nerve, ulnar nerve, median nerve. |
| What plexus is the lumbar plexus associated with? | L1–L4 spinal nerves. |
| Which major nerves arise from the lumbar plexus? | Femoral nerve and obturator nerve. |
| What plexus is the sacral plexus associated with? | L4-S4 spinal nerves |
| Which major nerve arises from the sacral plexus? | Sciatic nerve. |
| What happens if the sciatic nerve is compressed at the ischial tuberosity? | The leg may “go to sleep” or experience numbness/tingling. |
| Which nerve is primarily responsible for arm abduction? | Axillary nerve from the brachial plexus. |
| The brachial plexus gives rise to the radial, ulnar, and median nerves, but not the obturator nerve. True or False | True, the obturator nerve is a part of the lumbar plexus |
| What is the difference between a ganglion and a plexus? | Ganglion = cluster of neuron cell bodies; plexus = network of nerves. |
| What is the function of the radial nerve? | Controls posterior arm and forearm muscles for extension and supination; provides sensory input to posterior arm/forearm/hand. |
| What is the function of the ulnar nerve? | Controls medial forearm muscles and intrinsic hand muscles; sensation to medial hand/fingers. |
| What is the function of the median nerve? | Controls anterior forearm muscles and some intrinsic hand muscles; sensation to lateral palm/fingers. |
| Which nerve is commonly associated with the “funny bone”? | Ulnar nerve |
| Which nerve is responsible for the diaphragm? | Phrenic nerve. |
| What is the function of the glenoid cavity of the scapula? | It articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint. |
| What are the major features of the humerus? | Head, greater and lesser tubercles, intertubercular sulcus, lateral and medial epicondyles, capitulum, trochlea. |
| What articulates with the humeral trochlea? | trochlear notch of the ulna |
| What articulates with the head of the radius? | radial notch of the ulna |
| What are the major features of the radius? | Head, radial tuberosity, styloid process. |
| Which bone is medial in the forearm? | Ulna |
| What is the distal articulation of the radius? | The carpal bones. |
| Which feature of the humerus articulates with the radius? | Capitulum. |
| Which feature of the humerus articulates with the ulna? | Trochlea |
| What is the distal attachment of the triceps brachii? | Olecranon of ulna. |
| What are the three regions of the os coxae? | Ilium, ischium, pubis. |
| Which bone is the large bone of the leg? | Tibia. |
| what articulate with the tibia. | medial and lateral condyles of the femur |
| What is the major articulation of the femoral head | Acetabulum of the os coxae. |
| What is the only direct connection between the pelvic girdle and axial skeleton? | Ilium articulating with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint. |
| What bone articulates with the tibia and bears most of the leg’s weight? | Talus. |
| Which bones form the ankle joint? | Tibia, fibula, and talus. |
| What is the action of the levator scapulae? | Elevates the scapula |
| attachment of the levator scapulae? | origin = transverse processes of C1–C4; insertion = superior angle of scapula. |
| attachment of pectoralis minor? | origin = ribs 3–5; insertion = coracoid process of scapula. |
| action of pectoralis minor | Protracts and depresses the scapula |
| attachment of rhomboids? | origin = spinous processes; insertion = medial border of scapula. |
| What is the action of rhomboids? | Retract and elevate scapula |
| attachment of serratus anterior | origin = ribs 1–8; insertion = anterior medial border of scapula. |
| What is the action serratus anterior | Protracts and rotates scapula upward |
| What is the action and attachment of trapezius? | Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates scapula; origin = occipital bone, C7–T12 spinous processes; insertion = clavicle, acromion, scapular spine. |
| Action and attachment of deltoid? | Abducts, flexes, extends, medially and laterally rotates arm; origin = clavicle and scapula; insertion = deltoid tuberosity of humerus. |
| Action and attachment of latissimus dorsi? | Extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm; origin = T7–L5 vertebrae, iliac crest; insertion = intertubercular sulcus of humerus. |
| Action and attachment of pectoralis major? | Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates arm; origin = clavicle, sternum, ribs 1–6; insertion = intertubercular sulcus of humerus. |
| Action and attachment of teres major? | Extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm; origin = inferior lateral border of scapula; insertion = intertubercular sulcus of humerus. |
| Rotator cuff muscles: actions | Supraspinatus: Abducts arm Infraspinatus: Lateral rotation of arm Teres minor: Lateral rotation of arm Subscapularis: Medial rotation of arm |
| Rotator cuff muscles: distal attachments | Supraspinatus, teres minor, infraspinatus= greater tubercle of humerus Subscapularis= lesser tubercle of humerus |
| Action and attachment of biceps brachii? | Flexes elbow and supinates forearm; origin = scapula, coracoid process; insertion = radial tuberosity. |
| Action and attachment of brachialis? | Flexes elbow; origin = anterior humerus; insertion = coronoid process of ulna. |
| Action and attachment of triceps brachii? | Extends elbow; origin = scapula and posterior humerus; insertion = olecranon of ulna. |
| Action and attachment of brachioradialis? | Flexes elbow; origin = lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus; insertion = styloid process of radius. |
| Action and attachment of pronator teres? | Pronates forearm; origin = medial epicondyle of humerus; insertion = lateral radius. |
| Action and attachment of supinator? | Supinates forearm; origin = lateral epicondyle of humerus; insertion = lateral radius. |
| Action of flexor carpi radialis? | Flexes and abducts wrist. |
| Action of flexor carpi ulnaris? | Flexes and adducts wrist. |
| Action of flexor digitorum? | Flexes fingers. |
| Action of extensor carpi radialis? | Extends and abducts wrist. |
| Action of extensor carpi ulnaris? | Extends and adducts wrist. |
| Action of extensor digitorum? | Extends fingers. |
| Action and attachment of iliopsoas? | Flexes thigh at hip; origin = iliac fossa & lumbar vertebrae; insertion = lesser trochanter of femur. |
| Action and attachment of gluteus maximus? | Extends and laterally rotates thigh; origin = ilium, sacrum, coccyx; insertion = gluteal tuberosity of femur & iliotibial tract. |
| Action and attachment of gluteus medius? | Abducts and medially rotates thigh; origin = lateral ilium; insertion = greater trochanter of femur. |
| Action and attachment of gluteus minimus? | Abducts and medially rotates thigh; origin = lateral ilium; insertion = greater trochanter of femur. |
| Action and attachment of quadriceps femoris? | Extends knee; origin = ilium and femur; insertion = tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament. |
| Action and attachment of sartorius? | Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh; flexes knee; origin = anterior superior iliac spine, insertion = medial tibia. |
| Action and attachment of adductors (medial thigh muscles)? | Adduct and medially rotate thigh; origin = pubis; insertion = femur. |
| Action and attachment of hamstrings? | Flex knee and extend thigh; origin = ischial tuberosity; insertion = tibia or fibula. |
| Action and attachment of gastrocnemius? | Plantarflexes foot, flexes knee; origin = medial and lateral femoral condyles; insertion = calcaneus via calcaneal tendon. |
| Action and attachment of soleus? | Plantarflexes foot; origin = tibia and fibula; insertion = calcaneus via calcaneal tendon. |
| What is the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon? | Connects gastrocnemius and soleus to calcaneus. |
Created by:
Dillon15