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pscyh ch 10
key terms/ideas
| Term | |
|---|---|
| motivation | The factors that direct and organize behavior of humans and other organisms Instinct Approaches: Born to Be Motivated |
| Instincts | Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned |
| drive | Motivation, tension, or arousal, that energized behavior to fulfill a need |
| primary drive | Basic drives related to biological needs of the body or the species |
| secondary drives | Needs are brought about prior experience and learning |
| Drive-Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs | Suggest that a lack of some basic biological requirement such as water produces a drive to obtain that requirement |
| Homeostasis | A basic motivational phenomenon that underlies primary drives and involves the body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state. |
| Arousal approaches | Seek to explain behavior in which the goal is to maintain or increase excitement people vary widely in the optimal level of arousal they seek out |
| Incentive Approach Motivational Pull | Suggest that motivation stems from desire to obtain valued external goals or incentives |
| Cognitive Approaches: The thoughts behind motivation | Suggest that motivation is product of people’s thoughts, expectations and goals |
| Intrinsic Motivation | internal satisfaction |
| Extrinsic Motivation | external rewards or punishments |
| Maslow's hierarchy | Suggests that before more sophisticated, higher-order needs can be met, certain primary needs must be satisfied |
| Need for achievement | A stable, learned characteristic in which satisfaction is often obtained by striving for and attaining a level of excellence Measuring achievement motivation: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
| need for affiliation | An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people |
| need for power | Tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual |
| emotions | Feelings that generally have both physiological elements and that influence behavior |
| the functions of emotions | Preparing us for action Shaping our future behavior Helping us interact more effectively with others |
| Determining the range of emotions: labeling our feelings | There are various ways of categorizing emotions Most researchers suggest that basic emotions include: Happiness Anger Fear Sadness Disgust |
| James Lang theory | Emotions happen because of our physical reactions to events. We feel emotion after our body reacts. |
| canon bard theory | Emotions and body reactions happen at the same time, not one after the other. Activation of thalamus |
| Schachter singer theory | Emotions come from two things. Physical arousal (your body’s reaction) Cognitive Label (how you think about or interpret that arousal) |
| the roots of emotions | Making sense of the Multiple Perspectives on Emotion Emotions are such complex phenomena, encompassing both biological and cognite aspects, that no single theory has been able to fully explain all the facets of emotional experience. |
| facial-affect program | Assumed to be universally present at birth Analogous to a computer program that is turned on when a particular emotion is experienced Displays an appropriate expression |
| facial-feedback hypothesis | Not only reflects emotional experience, but also helps determine how people experience and label emotions Some theoreticians have suggested that facial expressions are necessary for an emotion to be experienced |
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user-1994109