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A&P I Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| main functions of the integumentary system? | Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, metabolic (vitamin D), excretion, and blood reservoir. |
| What are the two main layers of skin? | Epidermis (epithelial, avascular) and dermis (connective, vascular). |
| List the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial. | Stratum basale → spinosum → granulosum → lucidum (thick skin only) → corneum. |
| occurs in the stratum basale? | Mitosis, melanocyte activity, and tactile (Merkel) cells present. |
| What happens in the stratum spinosum? | Keratinocytes with desmosomes; Langerhans cells for immunity. |
| What happens in the stratum granulosum? | Keratinization begins; cells start dying. |
| What is apoptosis? | Programmed cell death; occurs as keratinocytes move toward surface. |
| What type of tissue is found in the dermis? | Connective tissue (papillary or areolar; reticular or dense irregular). |
| What forms fingerprints? | Stratum basale + dermal papillae. |
| What are the three skin pigments? | Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. |
| What pigment provides UV protection? | Melanin. |
| What gives skin an orange/yellow tint from diet? | Carotene. |
| What causes the pinkish hue in skin? | Hemoglobin in red blood cells. |
| What are the main parts of hair? | Root, shaft, and bulb. |
| What muscle causes goosebumps? | Arrector pili. |
| Difference between vellus and terminal hair? | Vellus means fine body hair; terminal means coarse (scalp, eyebrows, etc.). |
| What are common causes of hair thinning? | Hormones, stress, nutrition, age. |
| What are nails made of? | Hard keratin. |
| Main parts of a nail? | Nail plate, nail bed, lunula, root, cuticle (eponychium). |
| What are the two types of sweat glands? | Eccrine and apocrine. |
| What is the function of eccrine glands? | Thermoregulation via sweat (palms, soles, forehead). |
| Where are apocrine glands found? | Axillary and anogenital regions. |
| What do sebaceous glands secrete? | Sebum (oil) to lubricate skin/hair. |
| What are the three types of skin cancer? | Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma. |
| What is the most common skin cancer? | Basal cell carcinoma. |
| What is the most malignant skin cancer? | Melanoma. |
| What is the ABCD rule for melanoma? | Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm. |
| What are the immediate threats from burns? | Fluid loss and infection. |
| What is the Rule of 9s used for? | Estimating body surface area burned. |
| Describe the degrees of burns. | 1st is epidermis, 2nd is dermis + epidermis (blisters), 3rd is full thickness. |
| What are the three types of cartilage? | Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage. |
| Where is hyaline cartilage found? | Joints, ribs, nose, respiratory passages. |
| Where is fibrocartilage found? | Intervertebral discs and menisci. |
| How does cartilage grow? | Appositional (outer) and interstitial (within). |
| Main functions of bones? | Support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation, triglyceride storage. |
| What are the four bone shapes? | Long, short, flat, irregular. |
| What are the main parts of a long bone? | Diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plate/line, periosteum, endosteum. |
| What type of marrow makes blood cells? | Red marrow. |
| What type of marrow stores fat? | Yellow marrow. |
| What is an osteon? | Structural unit of compact bone. |
| What is found in the central canal of an osteon? | Blood vessels and nerves. |
| Function of canaliculi? | Connect osteocytes and allow nutrient/waste exchange. |
| Function of osteogenic cells? | Stem cells that form osteoblasts. |
| Function of osteoblasts? | Build bone matrix. |
| Function of osteocytes? | Maintain bone matrix. |
| Function of osteoclasts? | Break down bone (resorption). |
| What makes bone flexible? | Collagen (organic component). |
| What makes bone hard? | Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate crystals). |
| What are the two types of ossification? | Endochondral (cartilage model) and intramembranous (flat bones). |
| What hormones affect bone growth? | Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, sex hormones. |
| What does PTH do? | Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts. |
| What does calcitonin do? | Lowers blood calcium (minor role). |
| What law states bone grows in response to stress? | Wolff’s Law. |
| What are the steps of bone repair (in order)? | Hematoma → fibrocartilaginous callus → bony callus → remodeling. |
| What are the functional classifications of joints? | Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), diarthroses (freely movable). |
| What are the structural classifications of joints? | Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial. |
| Example of a fibrous joint? | Sutures in skull. |
| Example of a cartilaginous joint? | Pubic symphysis or intervertebral disc. |
| Example of a synovial joint? | Knee, shoulder, elbow. |
| What are the key features of a synovial joint? | Articular cartilage, synovial cavity, joint capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, nerves/blood vessels. |
| What is the function of synovial fluid? | Lubricates, reduces friction, nourishes cartilage. |
| What are bursae and tendon sheaths? | Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction in joints. |
Created by:
Kinesiology21