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Biology Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does it take to make a cell? | 1. information 2. chemistry 3.compartments |
| Whats meant by Information? | All cells possess DNA, and RNA which provides the information necessary to build various proteins, the cells primary machinery |
| Differentiation | non specific cell transferring to a specific cell (ex. stem cell to a muscle cell) |
| Enucleation | mechanism by which maturing red blood cells eject their nucleus |
| prokaryote | Single celled organism with no nucleus, no membrane, and reproduces asexually. it contains a strand of DNA but is not compartmentalized. |
| eukaryote | single (protozoa) or multicellular organism with a nucleus which holds the DNA, contains large ribosomes |
| animal cell vs plant cell | plant cells contain chloroplasts, cell wall, and plasmodesmata . they have large vacuoles which maintain vigor pressure on the wall. |
| CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY | DNA-RNA-PROTEIN |
| Abiogenesis | Chemical origin of life |
| Cell Theory | All living organisms are composed of one or more cells The cell is the most basic unit of life |
| Third tenet to cell theory | Omnis cellula e cellula All cells arise only from pre existing cells |
| Size difference of a prokaryote and eukaryote | prokaryotes are only 1-10um, eukaryotes are much larger at 10-100um |
| The Miller-Urey experiment was what? | A simulation of the early world conditions and how they led to the conclusion that amino acids and inorganic compounds could form (abiogenesis) |
| Primordial Soup Hypothesis | primitive earth conditions favoured the chemical reactions that produced more complex organic compounds instead of simple ones |
| Mature red blood cells lack a nucleus. What is it called when cells eject their nucleus before entering the bloodstream? | Enucleation |
| Prokaryotic cell | -Bacteria -No true nucleus -Lack membrane bound organelles |
| Eukaryotic Cell | -Nucleus -Specialized organelles for each process |
| Typical features of a prokaryotic cell | -single-cell organism -size:1-10um -no nucleus or organelles -ribosomes are small -reproduce asexually -genetic material in nucleoid |
| Typical features of a Eukaryotic Cell | -Found in multicellular organism -10-100um -Nucleus and organelles -ribosomes large Genetic material found in nuclear compartment and arranged as chromosom |
| Features in ONLY a plant cell | -Vacuole -cell wall -chloroplasts -plasmodesmata |
| Stem cells can decide which specific cell they want to become based on the bodies demand. What is this process called? | Differentiation |
| The cell theory is composed of three points; all living organisms are made of 1 or more cells, the cell is the most basic unit of life, what is the third statement? | Omnis cellula e cellula (life comes from life) |
| Plasma Membrane function | controls movement of molecules in and out of the cell, also cell-cell signaling and cell adhesion |
| Mitochondria | generate ATP by oxidation of glucose and fatty acids |
| Lysosomes | degrade material internalized by the cell and worn-out cellular membranes and organelles |
| Nuclear envelope | a double membrane, encloses the contents of the nucleus; the outer nuclear membrane is continuous with rough ER |
| Nucleolus | nuclear sub-compartment where most of the cells rRNA is synthesized |
| Nucleus | site of mRNA and tRNA synthesis |
| Smooth ER | contains enzymes that synthesize lipids and detoxify certain hydrophobic molecules |
| Rough ER | functions in synthesis, processing, and sorting of secreted proteins, lysosomal proteins, and certain membrane proteins |
| Golgi apparatus | processes and sorts secreted proteins, lysosomal proteins, and membrane proteins synthesized on the rough ER |
| All together, the basic properties of the cell allows the cell to do what? | to grow, and respond to their environment |
| Killer T Cell is programmed to do what? | To recognize and attack threats in the immune system |
| Secretory vesicle | stores secreted proteins and fuse with plasma membrane to release their contents |
| Peroxisomes | contain enzymes that break down fatty acids into smaller molecules used for biosynthesis and also detoxify certain molecules |
| Cytoskeletal fibers | -form networks and bundles that support cellular membranes -help organize cells -participate in cell movement |
| Microvilli | increase surface area for absorption of nutrients from surrounding medium |
| Cell wall | help maintain cell shape and provide protection against mechanical stress |
| Vacuole | -stores water, ions, and nutrients -degrades macromolecules -functions in cell elongation during growth |
| Chloroplasts | Photosynthesis |
| Plasmodesmata | Connect the cytoplasms of adjacent plant cells |
| Virion | An existing virus outside of a cell in the form of inanimate particle |
| Capsid | A protein capsule |
| Viruses | macromolecular packages that can function and reproduce only within living cells |
| Whats a virion made of? | Small amount of DNA(DNA virus) or RNA (RNA virus) |
| Cells respond to stimuli. Explain the process of a cell being able to transmit signals to the brain when someone touches a hot stove. | When a neuron is activated, it fires an action potential which releases neurotransmitters. they travel across the synapse and relay signals to another neuron. |
| A cells ability to respond to stimuli from neurotransmitters affects what? | voluntary and involuntary actions |
| Basic structure of a virus | 8 RNP, neuraminidase, capsid, lipid envelope, haemagglutinin, ion channel |
| How do viruses bind to a cell surface | Through specific proteins, then they enter the cell |
| What are the two cell types the virus can infect | Narrow(respiratory cells), Wide(any cells) |
| What does the virus do once inside the cell | Hijacks cellular machinery to synthesize nucleic acids and proteins |
| Two main types of vial infection | Lytic and Non-lytic |
| Lytic | Production of a virus particles ruptures cell (kills the cell) |
| Non-Lytic | Viral DNA is inserted in host genome = provirus. Infected cell can survive but has impaired function. |
| 5 genes encoded within the RNA genome | Nucleoprotein, Phosphoprotein, Matrix protein, Glycoprotein and viral RNA polymerase |
| Zika virus | Infants born with microcephaly |
| Transmission of zika virus | Through mosquitoes, or sexual contact and blood transfusion |
| Microcephaly | A condition where the head is smaller than normal |
| Affects of microcephaly | -Delayed motor and speech functions -Intellectual disability -Seizures -Facial distortions -Hyperactivity -Balance and coordination issues -Brain related/neurological issues |
| Which phase will we see the most damage in the formation of the mammalian neocortex? | Neurogenic phase |
| Function of RNA vaccines | Trick the bodies cells into producing a fragment of the virus(an antigen) from an RNA template. |
| what protein causes apoptosis to start? | bmp |
| What is Apoptosis? | Intentional cell death |
| How does bmp blockage affect cells? | prevents normal cell death |
| Cell shrinkage is the _____ step in apoptosis | first |
| what is blebbing | bubbling on the plasma membrane that pinches |
| Function of biological membranes | -define cell boundary -define enclose compartments -control movement of material in and out of cell -allow response to external stimuli -enable interactions between cells -provide scaffold for biochemical activities |
| Amphipathic molecules | molecules with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |
| fragmentation of DNA and the nucleus is the ______ step in apoptosis | third |
| Cells loose ___________________ to other cells in the fourth step of apoptosis | attachement |
| The final step in apoptosis is _____________ (cell engulfment) | phagocytosis |
| This is known as the "killer protein" | Bax |
| Bax does what to the mitochondria | pokes holes in it to cause a more permeable membrane |
| what leaks from the damaged mitochondrial membrane? | Cytochrome c |
| what does a leakage of cytochrome c cause the cell to enter into? | commits the cell to apoptosis |
| these break down the cells components | caspases |
| Apoptosis failure can lead to problems. Too much cell death can cause what? | Alzheimers or another disease caused by excess cell death |
| Not enough cell death can lead to what? | cancer as the cells avoid death and continue replicating |
| cisternae sacks include what? (5 components) | ER, Vesicles, Golgi complex, Lysosomes, and Vacuoles |
| Goblet (mucus) cells need lots of ER and Golgi to synthesize lots of ________________________ (mucus) | Protein |
| Cellular GFP can be seen by light illumination when put under a scope. Different proteins shine different colours. Where does the protein shine light? Or in other words, where is the protein located when it is illuminated? | In the ER, vesicle, or organelle. the non-illuminated part is on the outside of the organelle. |
| ________________ transport allows for speed, directionality, accuracy, and compartment specificity of the vesicle. | vesicular |
| vesicular transport moves materials from where to where? | organelle to organelle or another compartment |
| vesicular transport uses what kind of vesicles to move items? | transport vesicles |
| targeted or directed movement of vesicles uses what to move along the cytoskeleton? | motor proteins |
| Motor proteins move along the cytoskeletal tract while dragging ______________ with them | vesicles |
| vesicles carry sorting _____________ recognized by receptors to determine their correct arrival location | signals |
| Phospholipid structure | two fatty acyl molecules a head group linked by a phosphate residue |
| Whats the CoA molecule do? | Attaches and activates fatty acids in the first step of phospholipid synthesis |
| What do the flippases do? | The flippases transfer some phosphlipids to the other leaflet in the last step of phospholipid synthesis |
| Fluid meaning within the fluid mosaic model | individual lipid molecules move |
| Mosaic meaning within the fluid mosaic model | diverse particles like proteins carbohydrates and cholesterol penetrate the lipid layer |
| Integral membrane proteins | span the lipid bilayer |
| Peripheral membrane proteins | associate with the surfaces of the lipid bilayer |
| Lipid anchored proteins | attach to a lipid bilayer |
| What are the 3 membrane proteins? | Integral, Peripheral, Lipid-anchored |
| Functions of integral proteins | -Transport of nutrients and ions -Cell-cell communication -Attachment |
| What are the 4 basic mechanisms for moving molecules across membranes? | -simple diffusion -diffusion through a channel -facilitated diffusion -active transport |
| what is simple diffusion? | -diffusion where molecules flow down a concentration gradient, from high to low (only works for small uncharged molecules) |
| what is diffusion through a channel? | Ions move down concentration gradients from high to low, channels are selective which only allow particular types of ions to pass, and they're formed by integral membrane proteins that line an aqueous pore. |
| Explain the process of vesicular transport | 1. budding from donor with receptor 2. membrane pinches off 3. transport vesicle is formed and travels through cytoplasm 4. recipient binds and fuses to compartment 5. moves material inside new cell |
| rough ER handles proteins that will __________ the cytosol | leave |
| rough ER is in charge of what functions? | 1. adds carb chains to proteins 2. protein folding 3. targeting proteins to the right place in the cell 4. quality control |
| Smooth ER is in charge of what? | 1. lipid synthesis 2. liver detox 3. Ca storage |
| why is calcium handling/ storage important regarding cells? | signaling, muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, apoptosis |
| what could incorrect protein folding in the rough ER lead to? | cystic fibrosis/neuro diseases |
| The enzymes involved in lipid synthesis are located in the _______ ER | rough |
| Whats an ion channel? | a channel often gated that can be opened or closed, providing channels the ability of responding to different stimuli |
| what are the two different types of ion channels | - voltage gated -ligand-gated |
| what are the types of carriers | -uniporter -symporter -antiporter |
| What occurs when cells need to move substances from a lower concentration to a higher concentration? | They rely on the concentration gradient of another molecule, this would be a symporter |
| Whats the Na+ Glucose symporter do? | Transports glucose into cells by coupling it with sodium ions |
| Whats the antiporter do? | moves two different molecules or ions across a cell membrane in opposite directions |
| What must a protein have in order to be sent to a specific location after it is finished being transcribed? | A signal peptide |
| Protein translation occurs here | Free ribosomes |
| If there is no signal peptide, where does the protein finish and remain? | In the cytosol |
| ER coded proteins have a unique way of finishing translation: | Translation finishes on ribosomes attached to rough ER while feeding the protein into the ER membrane |
| secreted proteins include what? | hormones and antibodies |
| proteins that end in the plasma membrane are called: | integral membrane proteins |
| soluble lumen proteins stay where? | in the endomembrane system |
| The signal sequence is a short stretch of which letter? | A |
| what recognizes the amino acid sequence that pauses translation to be continued in the ER | SRP |
| SRP bring protein to the ER membrane and the receptor binds what the the ER surface? | ribosome |
| Bip helps proteins to fold correctly in the ER (T/F) | |
| Constitutive Secretion is (continuous/not) | continuous |
| Regulated Secretion is (continuous/not) | not |
| regulated secretion includes which of the following: hormones, neurotransmitters, collagen, digestive enzymes | hormones, neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes |
| Constitutive secretion creates cells that are needed constantly like: | collagen, plasma membrane |
| why is regulated secretion important for the cells it controls? | we don't want action potentials or hormones constantly being produced, only when signaled |
| Vesicular transport includes which of the following: V and T snares, apoptosis, ribosomes, tethering (with RAB proteins), snare assembly, fusion, | : V and T snares, tethering (with RAB proteins), snare assembly, fusion, |
Created by:
Katiecbutcher239