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Protein
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What roles do proteins serve | Proteins provide structure for tissues, act as enzymes to speed up chemical reactions, and serve as messengers (like hormones) to coordinate bodily functions. they may be toxic to enymes. |
| what chemical do only proteins serve? | Nitrogen |
| What are enzymes? | Enzymes are catalysts or huge proteins in biochemical reactions (like digestion) and are usually complex. They drop how much energy has to be put in. |
| What are substrates? | Molecules that an enzyme acts upon, or a surface where an organism lives and grows. |
| What are hormones? | chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system that travel through the bloodstream to signal other organs, tissues, and cells to perform specific functions (regulate) |
| What's an example of a protein type hormone? | Insulin is a protein hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels |
| What does it mean when a protein becomes denatured? | The protein will lose its shape because of changes in temp, pH, or chemical exposure |
| What are the monomers of proteins? | Amino acids |
| How many different types of these monomers are there? | 20 common amino acids present in proteins |
| What does it mean when an amino acid is "essential"? | Our bodies cannot create it so we must get it from our diets |
| What determines the chemical nature of amino acids? Give an example. | The chemical nature of an amino acid is determined by its unique side chain, called the R group.(whether it's acidic, basic, polar, nonpolar) For example the amino acid glycine has a hydrogen atom as the R group. |
| How are two amino acids joined together ? And what type of bond forms between them? | Two amino acids join together through a dehydration synthesis reaction to form a peptide bond, a type of covalent bond |
| What are long chains of amino acids called? | polypeptides |
| Explain the four levels of protein structure? | -Primary(Amino acid unique sequence in a polypeptide chain) -Secondary(local folding patterns of the polypeptide chain) -Tertiary(The three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, formed by interactions between the side chains (R-groups) of the |
| Differentiate between alpha-helix and beta-pleating. | Alpha-helix=more rigid, has a spiral shape, Beta-pleating=extended/flexible, has a pleated, zig-zag appearance |
| What is and what causes sickle-cell disease? | Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder where the body produces abnormal crescent shaped red blood cells. Its caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene. |
| When proteins denature, what levels of protein structure are NOT affected? | The primary level is not affected because the beginning of the polypeptide can only be affected by hydrolysis. |
| What are some examples of factors that can cause proteins to denature? | Heat, pH, changes like mechanical stress=freezing, chemical agents, radiation |
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