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topic 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a disturbance? | event that alters a community or resource availability |
| What are examples of disturbances? | fires, storms, droughts, human activity |
| What is ecological succession? | orderly change in species composition over time |
| What is primary succession? | succession on newly lifeless surface |
| What is secondary succession? | succession after disturbance leaving soil intact |
| What are pioneer species? | first species to colonize disturbed areas |
| What is an example of a pioneer species? | lichens or mosses |
| What does succession increase? | biodiversity and soil nutrients |
| What are abiotic changes during succession? | soil depth and nutrients increase |
| What is a geological event? | earthquake or volcano |
| What is a meteorological event? | hurricane, flood, or drought |
| What do volcanoes do? | destroy and later enrich soil |
| What do earthquakes cause? | split habitats or create new barriers |
| What do hurricanes affect? | coastal habitats |
| What does drought trigger? | migration or adaptation |
| What is biomagnification? | increasing toxin concentration in higher trophic levels |
| What is eutrophication? | excess nutrients cause algal bloom and oxygen loss |
| What nutrients cause eutrophication? | nitrogen and phosphorus |
| What is an algal bloom? | rapid algae growth depleting oxygen |
| What are dead zones? | areas with little or no oxygen |
| What are toxins’ effects in biomagnification? | accumulate in tissues of top predators |
| What is the result of eutrophication? | aquatic life death due to oxygen depletion |
| What can human activity cause? | pollution and ecosystem imbalance |
| What is heterozygote advantage? | heterozygotes have higher fitness |
| What causes genetic variation? | mutations |
| Do environmental changes create mutations? | no, they act on existing ones |
| What influences mutation frequency? | selection pressure |
| What is fitness? | ability to survive and reproduce |
| What drives natural selection? | environmental change |
| What maintains genetic diversity? | variation and balanced selection |
| What increases mutation rate? | radiation or chemicals |