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biochemical pathways

QuestionAnswer
Explain why photosynthesis and cellular respiration are biochemical pathways -different stages -involves enzymes -different steps involve different enzymes -different steps occur at different locations
chemical equation for photosynthesis 6CO2+ 12H2O becomes C6h12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
role of coenzyme NADPH Carries Hydrogen ions from the light dependent reaction to the light independent reaction
role of coenzyme ATP Carries energy from the light dependent reaction to the light independent reaction
light dependent reaction- grana - light splits H2O -H ions are loaded onto NADP to make NADPH -O2 is formed and released -light energy is used to but together ADP+Pi to make ATP
Light independent reaction- stroma -Energy from ATP is used to put together CO2 and H+ ions carried by NADPH to form C6H12O6 -Some byproduct H2O is formed by leftover H and O
Rubisco An enzyme that facilitates the first step in the calvin cycle- carbon fixation by binding to CO2
disadvantages of rubisco active site of rubisco also binds to O2 photorespiration particularly at higher temperatures as active site changes shape slightly and has a higher affinity for O2. higher temps- close stomata- increased O2 concentration
adaptations and ideal conditions for C3 low temperature 15-25, low humidity 30%, no adaptations- wheat
adaptations and ideal conditions for C4 high temps 30-40%, low-high humidity 70%, CO2 is fixed by a different enzyme in mesophyll cells which doesn’t bind to O2. The fixed CO2 is released in bundle sheath cells to bind to rubisco, away from high O2 concentrations. -sugarcane
adaptations and ideal conditions for CAM high temps above 40, low humidity 30%, Stomata is closed during the day to prevent water loss (=no CO2). Stomata open at night, CO2 enters and is stored in vacuoles. CO2 is released to enter the calvin cycle during the day. - cactus
Light availability Required for LD stage ncreased light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis. White light consists of diff colours/wavelengths. Green light is reflected. red and violet light as it is absorbed best by chlorophyll.
Water H2O input into light dependent reaction. During droughts/hot periods, C3 plants will close stomata to reduce water loss → no CO2 input → lowers rate of photosynthesis (higher rates of photorespiration). CAM and C4 plants are generally not affected.
Temperature Enzymes have optimal temperatures, photosynthesis rate would be greatest. lower than optimal temperature enzyme becomes inactive reduces rate of photosynthesis Higher than optimal optimal temperature enzymes dentaure reduces rate of photosynthesis
CO2 concentration CO2 is an input into the light independent reaction. Atmospheric CO2 remains constant. CO2 availability is determined by opening and closing of stomata. Open stomata increased CO2 = increased photosynthesis. Closed stomata decreased CO2
potential uses and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 technologies to improve photosynthetic efficiencies and crop yields Create a synthetic gRNA complementary to CSWRKY22 gene gRNA combines to cas9 gRNA guides cas9 to the CSWRKY22 gene Cas9 binds to PAM sequence and cuts the CSWRKY22 gene CSWRKY22 gene isn’t transcribed OR CSWRKY22 protein is not produced.
Glycolysis Cytosol- Inputs: glucose, NAD, ADP+Pi Outputs: 2 pyruvate, NADH, 2 ATP
Krebs cycle matrix of the mitochondria inputs: 2 acetyl coA, NAD, FAD, ADP+Pi outputs: NADH, FADH, 2ATP, CO2
Electron Transport Chain Cristae of the mitochondria inputs: NADH, NADH, O2, ADP+Pi Outputs: NAD, FAD, H2O, 26 or 28 ATP
NADH Carries hydrogen ions from glycolysis and the krebs cycle to the electron transport chain
FADH2 carries hydrogen ions from the krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.
ATP in cellular respiration synthesised in cellular respiration
aerobic cellular respiration equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 becomes 6CO2+ 6H2O + 30/32 ATP
Created by: kelllyy
 

 



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