What is the difference between passive and active transport across a cell membrane?

• Passive transport moves substances from high to low concentration without energy (ATP). Example: osmosis or diffusion. • Active transport moves substances from low to high concentration and requires ATP. Example: sodium-potassium pump.

What happens during a nerve impulse (action potential)?

A stimulus causes sodium channels to open, allowing Na⁺ to enter the neuron (depolarization). Then potassium channels open, allowing K⁺ to leave (repolarization). The refractory period follows, restoring resting potential via the sodium-potassium pump

How do steroid and peptide hormones differ in action?

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and pass through the cell membrane to bind receptors inside the cell, directly affecting gene expression.Peptide hormones (like insulin) bind to receptors on the cell surface and activate second-messenger systems .

What is homeostasis and how is it maintained?

Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes. It’s mainly controlled by negative feedback loops—for example, when body temperature rises, the hypothalamus triggers sweating to cool it back down.

What is the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

Calcium binds to troponin, moving tropomyosin and exposing binding sites on actin. Myosin heads attach to actin and pull using ATP, causing the sarcomere to shorten—this is muscle contraction.

What are the four main types of tissues and their examples?

1. Epithelial: covers surfaces (ex: skin, lining of gut). 2. Connective: supports and binds (ex: bone, cartilage, blood). 3. Muscle: movement (ex: cardiac, skeletal, smooth). 4. Nervous: communication (ex: brain, spinal cord, nerves).

What are the main functions of the integumentary system?

Protection: barrier against infection and dehydration.Temperature regulation: through sweating and blood flow.sensation: receptors for touch, pain, and temperature. Nurses assess skin for wounds, color changes, and hydration to detect underlying issues.

What are the functions of mitochondria, ribosomes, and the nucleus?

Mitochondria: produce ATP (energy) for the cell. • Ribosomes: build proteins from amino acids. • Nucleus: controls cell activity and stores genetic information (DNA).

What is the function of red blood cells?

They transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

To exchange gases — it brings oxygen in and removes carbon dioxide from the body

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Human physiology

Question	Answer
What is the difference between passive and active transport across a cell membrane?	• Passive transport moves substances from high to low concentration without energy (ATP). Example: osmosis or diffusion. • Active transport moves substances from low to high concentration and requires ATP. Example: sodium-potassium pump.
What happens during a nerve impulse (action potential)?	A stimulus causes sodium channels to open, allowing Na⁺ to enter the neuron (depolarization). Then potassium channels open, allowing K⁺ to leave (repolarization). The refractory period follows, restoring resting potential via the sodium-potassium pump
How do steroid and peptide hormones differ in action?	Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and pass through the cell membrane to bind receptors inside the cell, directly affecting gene expression.Peptide hormones (like insulin) bind to receptors on the cell surface and activate second-messenger systems .
What is homeostasis and how is it maintained?	Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes. It’s mainly controlled by negative feedback loops—for example, when body temperature rises, the hypothalamus triggers sweating to cool it back down.
What is the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?	Calcium binds to troponin, moving tropomyosin and exposing binding sites on actin. Myosin heads attach to actin and pull using ATP, causing the sarcomere to shorten—this is muscle contraction.
What are the four main types of tissues and their examples?	1. Epithelial: covers surfaces (ex: skin, lining of gut). 2. Connective: supports and binds (ex: bone, cartilage, blood). 3. Muscle: movement (ex: cardiac, skeletal, smooth). 4. Nervous: communication (ex: brain, spinal cord, nerves).
What are the main functions of the integumentary system?	Protection: barrier against infection and dehydration.Temperature regulation: through sweating and blood flow.sensation: receptors for touch, pain, and temperature. Nurses assess skin for wounds, color changes, and hydration to detect underlying issues.
What are the functions of mitochondria, ribosomes, and the nucleus?	Mitochondria: produce ATP (energy) for the cell. • Ribosomes: build proteins from amino acids. • Nucleus: controls cell activity and stores genetic information (DNA).
What is the function of red blood cells?	They transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
What is the main function of the respiratory system?	To exchange gases — it brings oxygen in and removes carbon dioxide from the body

Created by: user-1991287

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