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Physiology Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What pathogenic organism is the more complex than viruses, bacteria, or protozoa? | Tapeworms |
| What major body system is least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| Because negative feedback control systems oppose changes that are opposite in direction to the initial disturbance they are | slower or maintained in the homeostatic range |
| Homeostatic control mechanisms are categorized as | Intracellular or extracellular control mechanisms |
| A saturated fatty acid is one in which | all available bonds of its hydrocarbon chain are filled |
| True or False: a triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and three of the same type of fatty acid. | False |
| True or False: when two amino acids are joined, a peptide bond is formed and an H+ ion is released | False |
| What element is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates? | Nitrogen |
| What is the amino group in an amino acid? | NH3+ |
| What substance is not part of the major groups of organic substances in the human body? | Salts |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? | Maltose |
| A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called an | Allosteric effector |
| Meiosis is called "reduction division" because | the number of chromosomes is reduced by half |
| Mitosis is subdivided into four phases called | prophase, anaphase, metaphase and telophase |
| Hypertonic solutions cause cells to | decrease in size |
| Transcription can be described as the | synthesis of mRNA |
| If RBC containing 10% solute are placed in a solution containing 10% solute, what will happen with the water? | the water will move into and out of the cells at equal rates |
| In a DNA molecule, a sequence of base pairs forms a | Codon |
| The final electron acceptor in the electron transport system is | Oxygen |
| Osmosis moves water molecules from a region of | lower solute concentration to region of higher solute concentration |
| What phase of interphase does replication of DNA occur? | S phase |
| Results of meiosis is | 4 daughter cells that are haploid |
| What stage of mitosis do chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cells along the spindle fibers? | Anaphase |
| Glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell? | Cytoplasm |
| What are three characteristics of meiosis? | four haploid gametes, a reduction division and two steps of cell division |
| The component that distinguishes between one nucleotide from another is the | Nitrogen base |
| RNA makes protein by | Translation |
| Total number of 46 chromosomes per cell is referred to as _________ number | Diploid |
| Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from a region of | higher concentration to region of lower concentration |
| What happens in metaphase? | chromosomes align along the center of the cell |
| What happens in prophase? | chromatin condenses into chromosomes |
| What happens in telophase? | nuclear envelope reappears |
| Normal mitosis results in | cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell |
| Meiotic division occurs in | primitive sex cells |
| Proteins that act as catalysts are called | Enzymes |
| Diffusion moves up or down a concentration gradient? | Down |
| Facilitated diffusion is not an active transport process because it | does not depend on cell energy |
| Two processes of protein synthesis are | Transcription and translation |
| What happens in prophase? | centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell |
| The sodium and potassium pump can move substances with or against the concentration gradient? | Against |
| Sodium and potassium pumps use | a carrier system and cellular energy |
| Material can be moved from low concentration to high concentration through | Active transport |
| Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be: | an even exchange of material across the membrane |
| How many sodium ions are taken out of the cell with the sodium and potassium pump? | Three sodium ions are taken out of the cell |
| A sequence of three bases forms a | Codon |
| What is the correct order of mitosis? | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| Of the five epidermal cell layers, the only one that can undergo mitosis is the stratum: | basale |
| Hematopoietic tissue can be found in the: | bones |
| Name two proteoglycans found in the matrix of connective tissue. | Glucosamine and hyaluronic acid |
| Connective tissue forms from stem cell tissue called | mesenchyme |
| Which cells help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue in the brain? | Oligodendrocytes |
| What is the term for growth plate? | Epiphyseal plate |
| The human hand has greater dexterity than the forepaw of any animal because of the freely movable joint of the: | thumb |
| Blood calcium levels involve secretion of which two hormones? | parathyroid and calcitonin |
| Bones act as a reservoir for what minerals? | calcium and phosphorus |
| The four kinds of protein that make up myofilaments are myosin, actin, | tropomyosin, and troponin. |
| The energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by hydrolysis of | ATP. |
| Anaerobic respiration results in the formation of an incompletely catabolized molecule called | lactate |
| The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the | threshold stimulus. |
| According to the sliding filament theory | actin moves past myosin. |
| Three phases of the twitch contraction are the | latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase. |
| A contraction in which muscle length remains the same but muscle tension increases is called an | isometric contraction. |
| Which structure allows the electrical signals to travel along the sarcolemma and move deeper into the cell? | transverse tubule |
| The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the | sarcomere. |
| Which of the following is an example of a uniaxial joint? | elbow joint |
| The joints between the articulating surfaces of the vertebral processes are classified as what type of joint? | gliding |
| The joint present during the growth years between the epiphyses of a long bone and its diaphysis is the | synchrondrosis |
| Which type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis? | Single-unit smooth |
| The type of movement that occurs when the head is dropped to the shoulder, then to the chest, to the other shoulder, and toward the back is: | circumduction. |
| The type of movement possible at a synovial joint depends on the: | shape of the articulating surfaces of the bones. |
| Which of the following is not one of the major functions of muscles? movement, protection, heat production, posture | protection |
| Which joint allows for a unique movement called opposition? | Saddle |
| Which muscle group extends the vertebral column and also flexes the back laterally and rotates it a little? | erector spinae |
| Thick myofilaments extend the length of the: | A-band. |
| Aerobic respiration: | produces the maximum amount of energy available from each glucose molecule. |
| The protein molecule that has heads jutting out for cross-bridging is: | myosin. |
| A gliding joint is an example of a(n) _____ joint. | multiaxial |
| The lactate produced by anaerobic respiration is converted back to glucose in the: | liver. |
| A condyloid joint is an example of a(n) _____ joint. | biaxial |
| The purpose of creatine phosphate in muscle contraction is to | replenish energy supply |
| The opposite of dorsiflexion is: | plantar flexion. |
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