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Jeryll Kaplan
Physiology Week 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define the term "homeostasis" | Standing or staying the same |
| Describe "the body's internal environment" | fluid-filled space outside of cells that must be kept stable despite changes in the external environment (temperature, sugar levels, ect.) |
| Summarize the concept of "set point" | normal reading or range of normal |
| Positive Feedback Loop vs. Negative Feedback Loop | NFL stabilizes a system by counteracting a change to return it to a set point, shivering warms the body when it gets cold. PFL amplifies the initial change, driving the system further away from its starting point, childbirth processes. |
| Define "circadian rhythm" | a natural, internal 24-hour cycle that regulates physical, mental, and behavioral changes, most notably the sleep-wake cycle |
| Contrast intracellular, intrinsic, and extrinsic levels of control. | Intracellular regulates cell function by mechanisms w/in the cell. Intrinsic governs a tissue/organ with its internal mechanisms (heart regulate its rate) Extrinsic comes from outside organ/tissue, signals hormones/nerve impulses from other parts of body |
| List the four major groups of organic substances. | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| Identify the most important monosaccharide, or simple sugar. | glucose because it is the primary source of energy for the body and brain. |
| Identify a carbohydrate polymer and explain how it is formed | Starch is formed through a process called dehydration synthesis, where individual glucose monomers are linked together by forming covalent bonds and releasing a water molecule for each bond created |
| What are the building blocks of a triglyceride, or fat? | one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains |
| What is a phospholipid, and why is it an important type of molecule? | a type of fat molecule with a "head" that attracts water and two "tails" that repel water. |
| What causes osmotic pressure to develop in a cell? | the difference in solute concentration across the semipermeable cell membrane. |
| Which extracts more energy for cell use, the aerobic or anaerobic pathway? | aerobic pathway |
| How does DNA act as a “master molecule” of a cell? | by containing the genetic instructions to build proteins, which carry out nearly all cell functions, and by providing the blueprint for its own replication |
| What are the two major phases of the cell life cycle? During which of these phases does mitosis occur? | interphase and the mitotic (M) phase. This is the longest phase where the cell grows, carries out its normal functions, and replicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. M phase where the actual division takes place. |
| Name the four basic tissue types and give the major function of each. | epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous |
| What is the ECM? What is it made of? | Extracellular Matrix, made up of proteins like collagen and elastin, and polysaccharides like glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans |
| How do elastic fibers differ from collagenous fibers? | Elastic fibers provide stretch and recoil like a rubber band, due to the protein elastin, while collagenous fibers provide high tensile strength and rigidity, with collagen being the main component |
| Which two of the four major tissue types have the greatest capacity to regenerate after an injury? | epithelial tissue and connective tissue |
| Name the four principal types of body membranes. Which are epithelial membranes | cutaneous, mucous, serous, and synovial membranes. Cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes are epithelial membranes. |
| Name the two major types of connective tissue found in the skeletal system | bone and cartilage |
| Name the two different types of bone tissue. | compact bone and spongy bone |
| List the six structural components of a typical long bone that are visi-ble to the naked eye. | diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), compact bone, spongy bone, periosteum (outer membrane), and articular cartilage (at the joint ends) |
| Name the eight bones of the cranium | Frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid bones |
| Which bone is the only bone that normally does not form a joint with any other bone of the skeleton? | Hyoid bone |
| Name the three types of vertebrae and how many of each type are found in the vertebral column. | cervical (top 7 vertebrae, labeled C1-C7) in the neck, thoracic (12 vertebrae in the middle back, labeled T1-T12) connect to the ribs, and lumbar (5 vertebrae in the lower back, labeled L1-L5, are the largest and support the most weight) |
| What is a floating rib? | Floating ribs are the lower ribs that lack attachment to the breastbone |
| What bones make up the shoulder girdle? | clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), and humerus (upper arm bone) |
| What are the two bones of the forearm? In the anatomical position, which one is lateral? | the radius and the ulna. In the anatomical position, the radius is the lateral bone, located on the thumb side of the forearm |
| Name the bones of the hand and wrist. | 8 carpal bones (wrist), the 5 metacarpal bones (palm), and the 14 phalanges (fingers and thumb) |
| Name two differences between typical male and female skeletons. | the pelvis and overall bone size and density |
| Define the term joint, or articulation. | any location in the body where two or more bones meet or join together |
| Name the three types of fibrous joints | Sutures, Syndesmoses, and Gomphoses |
| Identify the two types of cartilaginous joints and give one example of each | synchondrosis, where bones are united by hyaline cartilage, and symphysis, where bones are joined by fibrocartilage |
| List the seven structures that characterize synovial joints. | articular cartilage, joint capsule, joint cavity, synovial fluid, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels |
| Which joint is the largest, most complex, and most commonly injured in the body? | The knee joint |
| Name one example of each of the following types of movement at a synovial joint: angular, circular, gliding, and special | A: Flexion of elbow joint, bending the arm. C: Circumduction of shoulder joint, moving arm in a cone-like circle. G: movement of carpal bones in the wrist, where one bone slides across another. S: Eversion of foot, which turning the sole of foot outwards |
| Describe the difference between flexion and extension. | Flexion is the bending of a joint, decreases the angle between two bones, bending your elbow/knee. Extension is the straightening of a joint that increases the angle between the bones, extending your elbow to reach for a high shelf. |
| What are the three major functions of the skeletal muscles? | producing movement, maintaining posture, and generating heat |
| What causes the striations observed in skeletal muscle fibers? | the organized arrangement of the protein filaments actin and myosin within repeating units called sarcomeres |
| What is a neuromuscular junction (NMJ)? How does it work? | NMJ is the connection between a motor neuron & a muscle fiber that transmits signals for muscle contraction. It works by converting an electrical signal into a chemical one. |
| Where does the energy stored in ATP come from? | the chemical energy in food molecules like glucose and fats |
| What is the role of myoglobin in muscle fibers? | store and transport oxygen, acting as an oxygen buffer and facilitator for its diffusion within the muscle cell |
| Name four factors that influence the strength of a skeletal muscle contraction | the number of motor units recruited, the frequency of stimulation, the length of the muscle fibers, and the size of the muscle fibers |
| How are myofilaments arranged in a smooth muscle fiber? | loosely and obliquely |
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