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Human Physiology
Weeks 1-7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hemostasis | refers to stability, balance, or equilibrium within a cell or the body. It is an organism's ability to keep a constant internal environment. |
| Negative Feedback | is a fundamental homeostatic control mechanism in which a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that reverses the direction of the change, helping to maintain internal stability (homeostasis) |
| Positive Feedback | is a control mechanism in which a change in a physiological variable causes responses that intensify or amplify the original change, rather than reversing it. |
| DNA | is a complex molecule found in the nucleus of cells that contains the genetic instructions used to build and maintain the structures and functions of the body |
| Four Major Groups of Organic Substances | 1. carbohydrates 2. lipids 3. proteins 4. nucleic acid |
| Carbohydrates | primary function: source of energy for cell and is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles |
| Types of Lipids | triglycerides – fats and oils (used for energy) phospholipids – make up cell membranes steroids – include cholesterol and hormones like estrogen/testosterone |
| Protein | function: structural support, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, transport, and movement. |
| DNA vs RNA | DNA is the master code, it stores and protects the genetic instructions for the cell. RNA is the messenger and builder, it helps carry out DNA’s instructions to make proteins. |
| ATP | is the primary energy carrying molecule of the cell. It provides the energy needed for nearly all cellular processes. |
| ADP | is a low-energy molecule that results when ATP loses one of its three phosphate groups. It can be converted back into ATP by adding a phosphate group, allowing cells to store and reuse energy. |
| Primary Protein Structure | sequence of a chain of amino acids |
| Secondary Protein Structure | hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern |
| Tertiary Protein Structure | three dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to slide chain interactions |
| Quaternary Protein Structure | protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain |
| Passive Transport | is the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of cellular energy (ATP). Substances move down their concentration gradient, from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, until equilibrium is reached. |
| Diffuision | s the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. |
| Simple Diffusion | is the passive movement of small, nonpolar molecules directly through the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane, moving from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. |
| Dialysis | is a type of passive transport where small molecules and ions move across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, while larger molecules are retained. |
| Growth Phases of Cell Life Cycle | consists of a series of phases that prepare a cell for division and ultimately lead to the creation of two daughter cells. The cycle includes phases of growth, DNA replication, and cell division. |
| Four Phases of Mitosis | Prophase: chromosomes condense; spindle forms; nucleus breaks down Metaphase: chromosomes line up at cell center Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and move to poles Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms; chromosomes decondense |
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cleoespiritu