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psyc 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nature factors | — genetics, heredity, biology, maturation. |
| **Nurture factors** — | environment, parenting, culture, learning, experiences. |
| 2. **Freud’s theory** — | *Psychoanalytic theory* (unconscious drives, psychosexual stages). |
| 3. **Id** | — primitive, instinctual, pleasure‑seeking part of personality. |
| 4. **Erikson’s focus** — | *psychosocial development* across the lifespan. |
| 5. **Theory vs. hypothesis** | — theory = broad explanation; hypothesis = specific, testable prediction. |
| 6. **Hypothesis test** | — using data to determine whether evidence supports a hypothesis. |
| 7. **B.F. Skinner’s theory** | — *Operant Conditioning* (behavior shaped by consequences). |
| 8. **Bandura’s theory** — | *Social Learning Theory* (modeling, imitation). |
| 9. **Piaget’s focus** — | *cognitive development*. |
| 10. **Bronfenbrenner systems** | — parents = **microsystem**; school = **microsystem**. |
| 11. **Cross‑sectional study** | — compare different age groups at one time. |
| 12. **Longitudinal study | follow the same individuals over time. |
| 13. **Genotype** | — genetic makeup. |
| 14. **Phenotype** | — observable traits. |
| 15. **Monozygotic vs. dizygotic twins** | — identical (one egg) vs. fraternal (two eggs). |
| 16. **Zygote forms** — | at fertilization. |
| 17. **Embryonic stage events* | * — organ formation, neural tube, heart begins beating. |
| 18. **Late 3rd trimester survival factor** | — lung maturation + **surfactant** production. |
| 19. **Cephalocaudal development** — | growth from head → downward. |
| 20. **Teratogen example** — | alcohol, drugs, radiation, lead, infections. |
| 21. **Myelination results in** — | faster neural transmission. |
| 22. **Schema** — | mental framework for understanding the world. |
| 23. **Assimilation** — | fitting new info into existing schemas. |
| 24. **Sensorimotor stage** — | birth–2 yrs; learning through senses & actions. |
| 25. **Object permanence** — | understanding objects exist when unseen. |
| 26. **Preoperational stage** — | symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration, no logic. |
| 27. **Ordinality vs. cardinality** — | order of numbers vs. quantity of a set. |
| 28. **Zone of proximal development** — | what a child can do with help. |
| 29. **Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt** — | independence vs. self‑doubt. |
| 30. **Process ending preoperational stage** — | **decentering** & **conservation**. |
| 31. **Preoperational characteristic | egocentrism. |
| 32. **Formal Operations indicator** — | abstract, hypothetical thinking. |
| 33. **Emotional intelligence traits** — | empathy, regulation, social awareness. |
| 34. **Intellectual disability IQ** — | below **70**. |
| 35. **Gender motor differences** — | boys: strength; girls: fine motor & balance. |
| 36. **Logic/contingency parenting** — | authoritative. |
| 37. **First sign of puberty** — | growth spurt. |
| 38. **Primary sex characteristic** — | ovaries, testes, uterus, penis. |
| 39. **Secondary sex characteristic** — | breasts, voice change, body hair. |
| 40. **Adolescent Piaget stage** — | Formal Operations. |
| 41. **Adolescent thinking** — | abstract, hypothetical reasoning. |
| 42. **Conventional morality** | — social rules, approval, law‑and‑order. |
| 43. **Postconventional morality** — | personal ethics, universal principles. |
| 44. **Preconventional morality** — | punishment/reward based. |
| 45. **Illusion of invulnerability leads to** — | risky behaviors. |
| 46. **Adolescent Erikson stage** — | Identity vs. Role Confusion. |
| 47. **Imaginary audience** — | belief others are watching; ↑ social anxiety. |
| 48. **Feeling special/unique** | — personal fable. |
| 49. **Early adulthood Erikson stage** — | Intimacy vs. Isolation. |
| 50. **HDL vs. LDL** — | HDL = good; LDL = bad. |
| 51. **Cholesterol linked to heart disease** | — LDL. |
| 52. **Fluid vs. crystallized intelligence** — | problem‑solving vs. accumulated knowledge. |
| 53. **Improves with age** — | crystallized. |
| 54. **Postformal thought** — | flexible, relativistic, practical. |
| 55. **Life expectancy factors** | — genetics, health care, lifestyle, SES. |
| 56. **Osteoporosis caused by** — | bone mineral loss. |
| 57. **Most vulnerable** — | postmenopausal women. |
| 58. **Osteoarthritis vs. rheumatoid** — | wear‑and‑tear vs. autoimmune. |
| 59. **Climacteric** — | reproductive decline. |
| 60. **Climacteric ends with** — | menopause. |
| 61. **Hormone declining in women** — | estrogen. |
| 62. **Type A personality** — | competitive, impatient, hostile. |
| 63. **Type A risk** — | heart disease. |
| 64. **Multidirectionality** — | some abilities decline (fluid), others improve (crystallized). |
| 65. **Middle adulthood Erikson stage** — | Generativity vs. Stagnation. |
| 66. **Marcus & Nurius** — | possible selves (ideal, feared, expected). |
| 67. **Big Five traits increasing** — | agreeableness & conscientiousness. |
| 68. **Sandwich generation factor** — | caring for aging parents + children. |
| 69. **Learned helplessness → burnout | feeling no control increases exhaustion. |
| 70. **Life expectancy | average years a cohort is expected to live. |
| 71. **Genetic limit to life** —. | maximum lifespan |
| 72. **Practical intelligence task** | — fixing a car, budgeting, workplace problem‑solving. |
| 73. **Intelligence linked to conscientiousness** | — practical intelligence. |
| 74. **Intelligence involving expertise** | — crystallized intelligence. |
| 75. **Cross‑linking effect** | — stiff tissues; affects skin, arteries, organs. |
| 76. **CVA* | * — stroke. |
| 77. **TIA** — | mini‑stroke; temporary blockage. |
| 78. **Parkinson’s system affected** — | dopamine system; tremors, rigidity. |
| 79. **COPD symptoms** — | chronic cough, breathing difficulty, fatigue. |
| 80. **Presbyopia** | — age‑related farsightedness. |
| 81. **Glaucoma** — | pressure damages optic nerve. |
| 82. **High‑frequency hearing loss** | — presbycusis. |
| 83. **Macular degeneration** — | loss of central vision. |
| 84. **Cataract** — | clouded lens. |
| 85. **Reaction time & aging** — | slows. |
| 86. **Episodic memory change** — | declines. |
| 87. **Semantic memory change** — | stays stable or improves. |
| 88. **Dementia** — | cognitive decline affecting daily life. |
| 89. **Alzheimer’s cause** — | amyloid plaques + neurofibrillary tangles. |
| 90. **Early Alzheimer’s symptom** — | memory loss. |
| 91. **Late Alzheimer’s symptom** — | loss of speech, mobility, basic functions. |
| 92. **Vascular dementia cause** — | multiple strokes. |
| 93. **Final Erikson stage** — | Integrity vs. Despair. |
| 94. **Persistent vegetative state** — | wakefulness without awareness. |
| 95. **Brain death** — | irreversible loss of all brain function. |
| 96. **Passive euthanasia** — | withholding treatment. |
| 97. **Active euthanasia** | — taking action to end life. |
| 98. **Living will** — | medical wishes if incapacitated. |
| 99. **Durable Power of Attorney** — | designates someone to make medical decisions. |
| 100. **DNR order** — | no CPR if heart stops. |
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