What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, maintaining homeostasis and providing protection.

Describe the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system.

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons, facilitating communication within the nervous system.

What is homeostasis, and why is it important?

Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes. It is crucial for the proper functioning of cells and overall health.

Explain the difference between depolarization and repolarization in neurons.

Depolarization occurs when sodium ions enter the neuron, making the inside more positive, while repolarization involves potassium ions leaving the neuron, restoring a negative charge inside.

What is the all-or-none principle in action potentials?

The all-or-none principle states that a neuron will either fire an action potential completely if the threshold is reached, or it will not fire at all, with no partial responses.

What are graded potentials, and how do they differ from action potentials?

Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that vary in size and can be summed, while action potentials are uniform and occur only if a certain threshold is reached.

Define the term "hyperpolarization" in relation to neuronal activity.

Hyperpolarization is a state where the inside of the neuron becomes more negative than its resting potential, making it less likely to fire an action potential.

What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining cellular function?

The sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell, helping to maintain the resting membrane potential and overall cellular homeostasis.

Describe the structure and function of dendrites.

Dendrites are branching extensions of neurons that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them toward the cell body, playing a vital role in neural communication.

How does the autonomic nervous system differ from the somatic nervous system?

The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions (like heart rate and digestion), while the somatic nervous system governs voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

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Millicent Ejiogu

Physiology weeks 1-5

Question	Answer
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?	The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, maintaining homeostasis and providing protection.
Describe the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system.	Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons, facilitating communication within the nervous system.
What is homeostasis, and why is it important?	Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes. It is crucial for the proper functioning of cells and overall health.
Explain the difference between depolarization and repolarization in neurons.	Depolarization occurs when sodium ions enter the neuron, making the inside more positive, while repolarization involves potassium ions leaving the neuron, restoring a negative charge inside.
What is the all-or-none principle in action potentials?	The all-or-none principle states that a neuron will either fire an action potential completely if the threshold is reached, or it will not fire at all, with no partial responses.
What are graded potentials, and how do they differ from action potentials?	Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that vary in size and can be summed, while action potentials are uniform and occur only if a certain threshold is reached.
Define the term "hyperpolarization" in relation to neuronal activity.	Hyperpolarization is a state where the inside of the neuron becomes more negative than its resting potential, making it less likely to fire an action potential.
What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining cellular function?	The sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell, helping to maintain the resting membrane potential and overall cellular homeostasis.
Describe the structure and function of dendrites.	Dendrites are branching extensions of neurons that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them toward the cell body, playing a vital role in neural communication.
How does the autonomic nervous system differ from the somatic nervous system?	The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions (like heart rate and digestion), while the somatic nervous system governs voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

Created by: Millicent Ejiogu

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