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SCI221-03

StudyStack Set 1 Physiology

QuestionAnswer
What is homeostasis? The physiological process of maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.
What are the three main components of a homeostatic control system? Receptor (sensor), control center, and effector.
What is the difference between negative and positive feedback? Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain stability (e.g., temperature regulation), while positive feedback amplifies a response (e.g., labor contractions).
Give an example of a negative feedback loop in the human body. Regulation of blood glucose by insulin and glucagon.
What is the primary function of DNA in cells? To store genetic information for protein synthesis and cellular function.
How does transcription differ from translation? Transcription converts DNA to mRNA in the nucleus; translation converts mRNA to a polypeptide chain at the ribosome.
What is the role of ATP in cellular physiology? ATP provides the energy needed to power most cellular processes.
What is the importance of the cell cycle in physiology? It ensures growth, tissue repair, and replacement of damaged cells.
What is the fluid mosaic model? A model describing the cell membrane as a flexible, dynamic layer of lipids and proteins that regulate transport and communication.
What is the difference between passive and active transport? Passive transport moves substances down the gradient without energy; active transport requires ATP to move substances against the gradient.
How do ligand-gated ion channels contribute to cellular communication? They open in response to signaling molecules, allowing ion flow and initiating a cellular response.
What is the role of second messengers like cAMP in signal transduction? They amplify and relay signals inside the cell after receptor activation.
What physiological role does the skin play in homeostasis? It regulates body temperature, prevents fluid loss, and protects against pathogens.
How does thermoregulation occur through the skin? Through sweating, vasodilation, and vasoconstriction.
What role does melanin play in skin physiology? It absorbs UV radiation to protect DNA in skin cells.
What are the major functions of the skeletal system? Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.
How does bone remodeling maintain calcium homeostasis? Osteoclasts resorb bone to release calcium; osteoblasts deposit calcium to form bone.
What hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity? Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Describe the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. Myosin heads attach to actin filaments and pull them inward using ATP energy, shortening the sarcomere.
What is a power stroke in muscle physiology? The movement of the myosin head that pulls actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere after ATP hydrolysis.
Created by: Harriet Afriyie
 

 



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