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pedia - cns infectio

med22

QuestionAnswer
What is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children older than 1 month of age? Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis.
List two major acute complications of bacterial meningitis. Ventriculitis/Brain abscess, Seizures, increased ICP, Cranial nerve palsies, Stroke, or SIADH.
What is the most common long-term complication of bacterial meningitis? Sensorineural hearing loss.
In bacterial meningitis, which pathogen is associated with the highest mortality rates? Pneumococcal meningitis (Streptococcus pneumoniae).
List three factors associated with a poorer prognosis in bacterial meningitis. Infants under 6 months of age, high CSF bacterial burden, seizures occurring later than 4 days into therapy, or coma/focal neurologic signs on presentation.
What is the primary way to prevent bacterial meningitis? Vaccination.
What is the classic triad of symptoms for Meningitis in older children/adolescents? Fever, headache, and nuchal rigidity (stiff neck).
How does the clinical presentation of bacterial meningitis often differ in neonates and infants compared to older children? Presentation is often non-specific, including fever or hypothermia, bulging fontanelle, poor feeding, irritability, and lethargy.
What are the two key physical exam signs used to assess for meningeal irritation? Kernig's sign (pain/resistance to knee extension with hip flexed) and Brudzinski's sign (involuntary hip/knee flexion when neck is flexed).
Which diagnostic procedure is essential for definitive diagnosis of CNS infections like meningitis? Lumbar Puncture (LP) to obtain Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).
What is the key difference in the CSF analysis between Bacterial Meningitis and Viral Meningitis regarding glucose and protein levels? Bacterial Meningitis has a low glucose level and a high protein level, while Viral Meningitis has a normal glucose and normal/mildly elevated protein level.
What is the first step in management for a child with suspected bacterial meningitis who presents with shock? Rapid resuscitation with IV fluids and immediate administration of empiric antibiotics.
What is the purpose of adding Dexamethasone (steroids) to the treatment regimen for certain cases of bacterial meningitis? To reduce the risk of neurodevelopmental sequelae, particularly sensorineural hearing loss, especially in cases of H. influenzae type b meningitis.
What is the primary difference in pathophysiology between Meningitis and Encephalitis? Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges and CSF. Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma itself, leading to altered mental status, seizures, or focal neurological deficits.
What is the most common cause of Encephalitis in children? Viral infections, especially Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV).
What is the empirical antibiotic regimen recommended for bacterial meningitis in a neonate (less than 1 month old)? Ampicillin PLUS Cefotaxime or Gentamicin.
What is the empirical antibiotic regimen recommended for bacterial meningitis in children 1 month to 18 years old? Vancomycin PLUS a third-generation Cephalosporin (Ceftriaxone or Cefotaxime).
What is the typical duration of IV antibiotic treatment for Pneumococcal meningitis? 10 to 14 days.
Created by: MeanHeem
 

 



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