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Chantal Ronco
Human Physiology (Study set 1)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is homeostasis? | The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. |
| Which two systems are primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis? | The nervous and endocrine systems. |
| What is negative feedback? | A control mechanism that reverses a change to maintain stability, such as regulating body temperature. |
| Give one example of positive feedback. | Uterine contractions during childbirth. |
| What happens if homeostasis fails? | It can lead to illness or disease. |
| What is the main function of the control center in a feedback loop? | It processes information and determines the correct response. |
| What is the main function of an effector in homeostasis? | It carries out the response to restore balance. |
| What are biomolecules? | Organic molecules essential to life—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
| What are the main elements found in biomolecules? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
| What is the main function of carbohydrates? | To provide quick energy. |
| What are proteins made of? | Amino acids linked by peptide bonds. |
| What is the function of lipids? | Long-term energy storage and forming cell membranes. |
| What are nucleic acids responsible for? | Storing and transmitting genetic information (DNA and RNA). |
| What is the role of enzymes? | They speed up chemical reactions in the body. |
| What is the function of the cell membrane? | It regulates what enters and exits the cell, maintaining homeostasis. |
| What organelle produces energy (ATP)? | Mitochondria. |
| What is diffusion? | The movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration. |
| What is osmosis? | The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| What is mitosis? | Cell division producing two identical daughter cells. |
| What are the four stages of mitosis? | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. |
| What is the function of ribosomes? | They synthesize proteins. |
| What is the difference between passive and active transport? | Passive transport doesn’t require energy; active transport uses ATP. |
| What molecule carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes? | Messenger RNA (mRNA). |
| What is the function of lysosomes? | They digest waste and old cell parts using enzymes. |
| What is cytoplasm? | The gel-like substance inside the cell that holds organelles in place. |
| What are the four main types of tissues? | Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. |
| What is the main function of epithelial tissue? | To cover and protect body surfaces and cavities. |
| What is the main function of connective tissue? | To support, connect, and protect other tissues and organs. |
| What are the two main layers of the skin? | Epidermis and dermis |
| What is keratin? | A protein that makes skin and hair strong and waterproof. |
| What pigment gives skin its color? | Melanin. |
| What is the purpose of sweat glands? | To regulate temperature through perspiration. |
| What are the main functions of the skeletal system? | Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production. |
| What are the two main types of bone tissue? | Compact bone and spongy bone. |
| What are osteoblasts? | Bone-forming cells. |
| What are osteoclasts? | Bone-resorbing cells. |
| What is ossification? | The process of bone formation. |
| What mineral is essential for strong bones? | Calcium. |
| What is the difference between ligaments and tendons? | Ligaments connect bone to bone; tendons connect muscle to bone. |
| What is an articulation? | A joint—where two or more bones meet. |
| What are the main types of joints? | Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. |
| What are the two main proteins in muscle contraction? | Actin and myosin. |
| What is the neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction? | Acetylcholine (ACh). |
| What molecule provides energy for muscle contraction? | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). |
| What is muscle tone? | The partial, continuous contraction of muscles to maintain posture. |
| What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions? | Isotonic contractions cause movement; isometric contractions create tension without movement. |
| What causes muscle fatigue? | The depletion of ATP and buildup of lactic acid. |
| What role does calcium play in muscle contraction? | It binds to troponin, allowing actin and myosin to interact for contraction. |
| What is the function of the sarcomere? | It is the basic functional unit of a muscle fiber responsible for contraction. |
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Cronco