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Reproduction unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Primary external structures | Vulva Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris Urethral meatus Vaginal vestibule Perineum |
| Primary internal structures | Vagina Uterus Fallopian tubes Ovum Ovaries Bony pelvis Pelvic floor |
| Accessory organs | Mammy glands (breast) |
| What hormones control the ovarian cycle? | FSH and LH stimulate ovum maturation; estrogen peaks at ovulation; progesterone rises in the luteal phase. |
| What happens if fertilization does not occur? | The uterine lining sheds during menstruation, starting a new cycle. |
| At what age does puberty usually begin for girls? | 9 and 17 years old average 12 |
| What marks the onset of reproductive maturity in females? | Menarche — the first menstrual period. |
| What is considered normal menstrual bleeding? | Occurs about every 28 days, lasts 2–8 days, with 30–80 mL of blood loss. |
| What factors can affect the menstrual cycle length? | Stress, drugs, nutrition, and illness. |
| When is menopause diagnosed? | When menses have stopped for 12 consecutive months. |
| What causes hot flashes and night sweats during menopause? | Vasomotor instability due to low estrogen levels. |
| What maintains normal vaginal pH? | Lactic acid produced by normal flora. |
| When do vaginal secretions normally increase? | During pregnancy and ovulation. |
| What are normal characteristics of the breasts? | Soft, slightly lumpy, possibly tender mid-cycle; density decreases with age. |
| What is natural family planning? | Avoiding intercourse during fertile periods using cycle tracking methods. |
| What is the typical oral contraceptive cycle? | 28-day cycle with a 7-day hormone-free interval. |
| What is emergency contraception? | The “morning-after pill” used after unprotected sex. |
| How often should women ages 21–65 have a Pap test? | Every 3 years |
| When should a breast self-exam be performed? | About one week after menstruation starts or a set day each month after menopause. |
| What is a vulvar self-exam? | Palpating and visually inspecting for lumps, thickening, or skin changes. |
| What are the main structures of the male reproductive system? | Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, prostate, and Cowper glands. |
| What is the function of the testes? | Produce sperm and testosterone. |
| What is the function of the seminal vesicles? | Produce fructose-rich fluid that nourishes sperm. |
| What does the prostate gland secrete? | Thin, alkaline fluid that enhances sperm motility. |
| What do the bulbourethral glands do? | Neutralize residual urine acidity before ejaculation. |
| What hormones control sperm production? | GnRH (from hypothalamus), LH (stimulates testosterone), and FSH (stimulates sperm formation). |
| What do testosterone and FSH together stimulate? | Sperm production in the seminiferous tubules. |
| What are normal male aging changes? | Pendulous scrotum, enlarged prostate, decreased testosterone, and lower sperm production. |
| What is a major cause of impotence in older men? | Vascular problems. |
| What are reversible male contraception methods? | Condoms and spermicidal products. |
| What is permanent male contraception? | Vasectomy. |
| What is the purpose of testicular self-examination (TSE)? | Early detection of testicular cancer. |
| What are common symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)? | Bloating, breast tenderness, irritability, appetite changes, fatigue, and mood swings. |
| What causes premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)? | Abnormal serotonin responses to estrogen level changes during the menstrual cycle. |
| What treatment helps relieve primary dysmenorrhea? | Heat, pelvic-rock exercises, effleurage, low-fat diet, and NSAIDs. |
| What is secondary dysmenorrhea usually caused by? | Pelvic pathology, such as endometriosis or fibroids. |
| How is primary infertility defined? | Inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual activity. |
| What are common causes of female infertility? | Ovulation problems, uterine abnormalities, blocked tubes, tumors, or hostile vaginal environment. |
| What is one cause of repeated pregnancy loss? | Chromosomal abnormalities, uterine defects, or hormonal disorders. |
| What are examples of assisted reproductive techniques? | IVF, ZIFT, TDI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and surrogacy. |
| What are major health risks after menopause? | Osteoporosis and coronary heart disease. |
| What non-hormonal measures help during menopause? | Healthy diet, exercise, and support groups. |
| What lifestyle factors increase the risk of osteoporosis? | Low calcium/vitamin D intake, smoking, excess alcohol or caffeine. |
| What causes pelvic relaxation syndrome? | Estrogen deficiency leading to weakened pelvic tissues. |
| What are symptoms of uterine prolapse? | Pelvic fullness, backache, stress incontinence, and dyspareunia. |
| What are nonsurgical treatments for pelvic relaxation? | Kegel exercises, hormone therapy, pessary, and prevention of constipation. |
| What is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)? | Condition with many ovarian cysts causing excess estrogen and hormonal imbalance. |
| What does oligomenorrhea mean? | Decreased or infrequent menstruation. |
| What is menorrhagia? | Excessive menstrual bleeding. |
| What is a leiomyoma? | A benign uterine fibroid. |
| What is endometriosis? | Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus causing pain and infertility. |
| What causes lower genital tract infections? | Change in vaginal pH allowing growth of pathogens. |
| What are symptoms of vaginal infections? | Discharge, itching, genital lesions, and dysuria. |
| What helps prevent recurrence of infection? | Good hygiene and loose cotton underwear. |
| What increases risk for toxic shock syndrome? | Prolonged use of tampons, diaphragms, or cervical caps. |
| What are symptoms of TSS? | Sudden fever, hypotension, rash like sunburn, and peeling skin. |
| What is the most common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system? | Cancer of the uterus (endometrial cancer). |
| What is a major risk factor for cervical cancer? | Multiple partners or early sexual activity. |
| Why is ovarian cancer called a “silent cancer”? | It has vague, nonspecific symptoms that appear late. |
| What is fibroadenoma? | A firm, mobile, non-tender breast nodule. |
| What are fibrocystic breast changes (FBCs)? | Painful thickened areas in the breast that vary with the menstrual cycle. |
| What advice helps with FBCs? | Limit caffeine and fat, use NSAIDs, and apply cold compresses. |
| What gene mutations increase breast cancer risk? | BRCA1 and BRCA2. |
| What are warning signs of breast cancer? | Lump, nipple discharge, or skin dimpling. |
| What are treatment options for breast cancer? | Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and hormone therapy (e.g., Tamoxifen). |
| What lifestyle habits help prevent breast cancer? | Regular exercise, healthy diet, and routine mammograms. |
| What arm care precautions should be followed after mastectomy? | No BP, injections, or blood draws in affected arm. |
| What prevents lymphedema after surgery? | Elevate and exercise arm, wear compression garment, and protect skin from injury. |
| What is erectile dysfunction (impotence)? | Inability to achieve or maintain an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse. |
| What are treatments for erectile dysfunction? | PDE-5 inhibitors, penile implants, vacuum devices, sexual therapy, or alternative methods. |
| What is premature ejaculation? | Ejaculation that occurs before desired due to loss of control of the reflex. |
| What is retrograde ejaculation? | Semen travels backward into the bladder instead of exiting through the penis. |
| How is male infertility defined? | Failure to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of unprotected intercourse. |
| What are common causes of male infertility? | Testicular disorders, infections, systemic disease, drugs, or congenital issues. |
| What is a hydrocele? | Fluid buildup around the testicle within the scrotum. |
| How is a hydrocele treated? | Aspiration or surgical drainage with pressure dressing and athletic support post-op. |
| What is a varicocele? | Dilation and clumping of spermatic veins, often on the left side due to blood flow issues. |
| What are nursing considerations for varicocele? | Help manage fatigue, weakness, and fever. |
| What is testicular torsion? | Twisting of testes and spermatic cord causing acute pain and loss of cremasteric reflex — surgical emergency. |
| What is priapism? | Prolonged painful erection not related to sexual activity; may be caused by meds, vascular, or neuro problems. |
| What is Peyronie’s disease? | Fibrous plaque in penile tissue causing curvature during erection; treated with local injections. |
| What are key diagnostic tests for the male reproductive system? | DRE, semen analysis, PSA level, ultrasound, biopsy, and hormone tests (LH, FSH, testosterone). |
| What causes symptoms in BPH? | Prostate enlargement pressing on urethra, obstructing urine flow. |
| What are symptoms of BPH? | Hesitancy, weak urine stream, dribbling, and urgency. |
| What nursing advice helps manage BPH? | Limit caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods; plan timed voiding; avoid fluid restriction. |
| How is BPH treated? | Medications or surgery (such as TURP or laser prostatectomy). |
| What does TURP stand for? | Transurethral resection of the prostate. |
| What is the purpose of TURP? | To remove part of the enlarged prostate to restore urine flow. |
| Name other surgical options for BPH. | TUMT, TUNA, HIFU, TUIP, TUVP, and laparoscopic prostatectomy. |
| What is epididymitis? | Inflammation of the epididymis, often from infection or UTI. |
| What is orchitis? | Inflammation of one or both testicles, caused by infection or trauma. |
| What are the types of prostatitis? | Type I: acute bacterial, Type II: chronic bacterial, Type III: nonbacterial/chronic pelvic pain. |
| What cancers affect the male reproductive system? | Penile, testicular, and prostate cancer. |
| What test helps detect prostate cancer? | PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) blood test. |
| What is the primary treatment for prostate cancer? | Surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy. |
Created by:
kaimcd