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Path Ch 8
Pathology Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| CNS | brain and spinal cord |
| PNS | 12 pairs cranial nerves, 31 pairs spinal |
| somatic | supplies striated skeletal muscles |
| autonomic | smooth, cardiac, glandular epithelial tissue. |
| pia mater | inner surface that attaches to brain and spinal cord |
| arachnoid membrane | delicate cobweb like membrane |
| dura mater | tough outermost covering |
| basic unit is | neuron |
| axon i sinsulated by | myelin sheath |
| conduction route is | reflex arch |
| what is a synapse | area where axon attaches to other deficits |
| the loss of the ability to speak, write and/or comprehend the written or spoken word | aphasia |
| lowered level of consciousness. | lethargy |
| painful condition of the nerves. | neuropathy |
| paralysis on one side of the body | hemiplegia |
| weakness of one side of the body. | hemiparesis |
| difficulty speaking. | dysarthria |
| altered state of consciousness after an epileptic seizure. | postictal |
| protective membranes that cover brain and spinal cord. | meninges |
| nerve cells. | neuron |
| a concentration of nerve cell bodies. | gray matter |
| axons connecting different parts of gray. | white matter |
| Acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid. | meningitis |
| bacterial meningitis | Haemophilus influenzae, Meingococci and Pneumococci |
| viral meningitis | mumps, poliovirus, and herpes simplex. |
| what is the most dangerous type of meningitis | bacterial |
| Viral inflammation of brain. | encephalitis |
| ____% of cases of encephalitis happen in children | 30 |
| Microorganism infection of gray and white matter. | brain abscess |
| Infection causing a collection of pus; located between the dura and the arachnoid. | subdural empyema |
| Infectious process above the dura and beneath the inner skull table | epidural empyema |
| what is osteomyelitis of the skull | An infection of the bone or bone marrow, typically caused by bacteria or sometimes fungus |
| most common primary malignant brain tumor consist of glial cells | glioma |
| can gliomas spread hemispheres | yes |
| three types of gliomas | astrocytoma, ependymomas, oligodrocytomas |
| astrocytoma | (70%) slow- growing, most common CNS tumor |
| ependyomas | arise from 4th ventricle (children) lateral ventricles in (adults) |
| oligodenrocytoma | slow growing lesions arise in cerebrum. |
| Benign tumors that arise from arachnoid lining cells and are attached to dura | meningioma |
| acoustic neuromas deal with the ____ of cranial nerve 8 | schwann cells |
| Slow growing benign tumors; usually originates in the internal auditory canal and extends into the cerebellopontine angle cistern | acoustic neuroma |
| Most commonly from anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. | pituitary adenoma |
| ___% of all intracranial tumors are pituitary adenomas | 10 |
| tumors on the pituitary can cause | giantism, acromegaly |
| Benign tumors that contain both cystic and solid components. Usually originate above the sella turcica, from embryonic remnants | craniopharyngioma |
| most common tumors of the pineal gland are ___ and ___, rapidly growing | germinomas and teratomas |
| Tumors that arise from remnants of notochord. | chordoma |
| appears on x-ray as irregular/ jagged and occasionally branches | linear skull fracture |
| linear fracture that intersects a suture and courses along it, causing sutural separation | diastatic fracture |
| often star shaped, multiple fracture lines radiating outward from a central point. | depressed fracture |
| what are epidural hematomas casued by | acute arterial bleeding |
| what are subdural hematomas caused by | ruptured veins between the dura adn meninges |
| An injury to brain tissue caused by movement of the brain within the calvaria after blunt trauma of the skull. | cerebral contusion |
| Hemorrhage into brain parenchyma. | intracerebral hematoma |
| Injury to surface veins or cortical arteries | subarachnoid hemorrahge |
| cerebrovascular disease | Any process that is caused by an abnormality of the blood vessels or blood supply to the brain |
| what are the 3 categories of cerebrovascular diseases | complete stroke, TIA, intracranial hemorrahge |
| what is a stroke involved with | circulation of the internal carotid arteries |
| hemorrhage into the brain tissue | intraparenchymal hemorrhage |
| bleed beneath the arachnoid layer of meninges | subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| major cause of rupture of a subarachnoid hemorrhage is a ___ aneurysm | berry |
| Most common demyelinating disorder of the CNS. | multiple sclerosis |
| A condition in which brain impulses are temporarily disturbed, resulting in a spectrum of symptoms ranging from LOC to violent seizures | epilepsy |
| mildest type of epilepsy, primarily occurs in children. | petit mal |
| generalized convulsions; pt falls to the floor, hypersalivates, loses control of urine/feces | grand mal |
| A gradual loss of neurons results in enlargement of the ventricular system and sulci | normal aging |
| A diffuse form of progressive cerebral atrophy that develops at an earlier age than the senile period | alzheimers disease |
| Atrophy of caudate nucleus and putamen. | huntingtons disease |
| degeneration of basal ganglia | parkinsons disease |
| degeneration of cerebellum | cerebellar atrophy |
| progressive condition of unknown cause with widespread selective atrophy and loss of motor nerve cells leading to extensive paralysis | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
| Dilation of the ventricular system that is usually associated with increased intracranial pressure. | hydrocephalus |
Created by:
rnmps