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Greek History #2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Thrace | the section of land connecting Greece and Turkey, taken over by King Darius around 510 BCE; where Aristogoras lived after running from the Persian empire; revolted from the Persians in 492; where Miltiades set up an Athenian colony |
| Artemisium | where the Persian naval fleet anchors after part of their group was destroyed in a storm and a battle occurred at the same time as Thermopylae, ending mostly in a stalemate but the Persians were still able to advance |
| Revolt and Siege of Naxos | Naxos revolted from Persia in 502, so deputy tyrant of Miletus Aristagoras suggested recapturing it and is given 200 ships by King Darius, but when Aristogoras quarrelled with the fleet’s commander, the latter ended up warning the Naxians |
| Mt Athos | a section of Greece that turned Mardonius around in the First Persian Invasion due to its stormy seas, but in the Third Persian Invasion, King Xerxes has a canal dug through it to allow the navy to support the land army properly |
| Spartan Mixed Constitution #1 | the Spartan government had two kings, one in charge of the military and the other everything else, 28 ‘Gerousia’ [old Spartans] who approved business for the assembly |
| Spartan Mixed Constitution #2 | the assembly where Spartan men were supposed to only vote and not debate or question their leaders, then 5 ‘Ephors’ who supervised and carried out laws and had the ability to dethrone the king |
| Macedonia | a section of upper Greece targeted by the Persians along with Thrace, especially by King Darius and King Xerxes |
| Thermopylae | the first major battle of the Third Persian Invasion, and while the Persians were unable to break through the Greeks for several days, a native informed the Persians of a secret goat path that led them to the Greek troops and they burned Athens down |
| Perioikoi | ‘the oikoi (the family/house) around Sparta’, acting as Spartan contacts with the outside world |
| Molon Labe | the phrase means ‘come and take it’, literally ‘come take’, said by King Leonidas of Sparta to King Xerxes of Persia before the battle of Thermopylae |
| Piraeus | Athens’ main port |
| Massagetae and Queen Tomyris #1 | despite Artabanus the Wise telling King Cyrus to not march on the Massagetae, he does, the first step being getting the delegation (led by Queen Tomyris’ son) drunk and then slaughtering/capturing them |
| Massagetae and Queen Tomyris #2 | but then Queen Tomyris marched on the Persians and returned with Cyrus’ severed head, partially in revenge for her son killing himself in humiliation from his capture |
| Congress at Corinth (481 BCE) | held due to Xerxes inciting the Third Persian Invasion, allowing Athens’ navy, Sparta’s army, and the entirety of Greece to unite against the Persians |
| Ephialtes | the name of a shepherd from Thermopylae who betrayed the Greeks and told the Persians about a secret goat path that allowed them to break through the Greek line; his name is now synonymous with the word ‘traitor’ (Greek Benedict Arnold) |
| Persian Culture | the Persians worshipped the sun, had gods that were a combination of species, and were covered in piercings and tattoos |
| Sardis | the capital of Lydia, captured by the Persians, and then burnt to the ground by Greeks as a part of the Ionian Revolt |
| Solon the Wise | founder of Athens who visited Lydia, and when asked by King Croesus if he was the most blessed, Solon told him that anything could happen in the future, and that ‘a man blessed is a man that dies in his bed surrounded by family’ |
| Ionian Revolt | from 499-494 BCE, beginning in Miletus, encouraged by Persians Histiaeus and Aristagoras as well as Athenian soldier Miltiades, spurred by Persian overtake and taxes, crushed by King Darius |
| Helots #1 | the serf population that were defeated in war by the Spartans and owned by Spartans as a whole; outnumbered the Spartans 8-1, and this advantage led to the Second Messenian War, which they would unfortunately lose to the Spartans |
| Helots #2 | performed humiliating rituals to teach young Spartans lessons and to provide entertainment; only trained for military service in the wake of the Peloponnesian War; unlike slaves, they could not be sold abroad and were not private property |
| Herodotus, his life and method #1 | a Greek raised on a colony in Turkey who traveled extensively and is thought to be the ‘father of history’, but others consider him the father of lies since he picks and chooses what he says and just makes up stuff occasionally |
| Herodotus, his life and method #2 | like writing about ants bigger than foxes who dig up gold, or hippos who neigh, or headless people with eyes in their breasts in Libya, but he did have a central thesis to warn Athens about their own imperialist expansion |
| Barbaroi | the Greek word for barbarian, the antonym of the word citizen, so anyone was a barbarian if they weren’t Greek (he wants the bar-bar-bar thing) |
| King Candaules | an early Lydian king who was so proud of his wife’s beauty that he basically forced his right hand man, Gyges, to see her naked, and when she finds out she and Gyges assassinate him and take over the throne |
| Steganography | the practice of concealing a secret message in something nonsecret, such as when Histiaeus shaved a slave’s head and tattooed a message on it, then sending the slave to his son-in-law Aristagoras once the slave’s hair had regrown |
| Syssition | a type of group Spartans applied to be a part of after military school, and if they don’t get accepted anywhere they enter voluntary exile |
| Miletus #1 | a Greek colony conquered by Lydia, but they ended up befriending each other and creating an allyship with Athens; after Persia took over Lydia, Miletus was responsible for the beginning of the Ionian Revolt; contained revered figures |
| Miletus #2 | King Darius instilled Histiaeus as the governor but replaced him with Aristagoras because he feared his ambition, but once sent back he tries to raise an army against Persia and is beheaded for treason; burned to the ground in 494 BCE |
| Pheidippides | Athenian messenger who asks Sparta for help in the Second Persian Invasion and then goes from Marathon to Athens to tell the people of their win, dying after the good news, leading to the creation of the 26.2 mile marathon |
| Delphic Oracle #1 | a significant religious institution that was mainly utilized by King Croesus of Lydia since they successfully guessed what he was doing hundreds of miles away |
| Delphic Oracle #2 | but he only misinterpreted their messages, such as ‘If you attack the Persians, you will destroy a great empire’, which he took to mean that he would destroy the Persians and not that the Persians would destroy him |
| Marathon | in the Second Persian Invasion, the Persians go to Eretria to enact revenge for their assistance in the burning of Miletus, allowing the Athenian army to meet the Persians at this city in between, where they would go on to win despite being outnumbered |
| Krypteia | the Spartan secret police whose job it was to instill fear in the helots due to their superior numbers; controlled by the five elected ephors |
| Rise of Persia | Persia came to power around 550 BCE with Cyrus the Great uniting Persian tribes and taking over Media, Lydia, and Babylon |
| Hellespont | a narrow strait in northwestern Turkey connecting the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara |
| Thalassocracy | a state with mainly maritime realms/a seaborne empire, literally means ‘rule of the seas’ |
| Medes | a group of Indo-Iranian peoples that became integrated with the Persian empire after their kingdom of Media was conquered by King Cyrus |
| Miltiades | Athenian soldier who complied with Persia in Thrace because the colony he was setting up wasn’t yet strong enough, before eventually participating in the Ionian Revolt in the 490s |
| Peloponnesian League | 500 BCE, created by Sparta, made up of all the states in the nearby area except Argos & Achaea, as well as other cities like Thebes, had an assembly that Sparta could call and each state had one vote, broke up in the 360s when Thebes defeated Sparta |
| Homoioi | men of equal status |
| Battle of Salamis #1 | a naval battle between the islands Athens and Sparta resided on, 378 Greek ships versus 1,000 Persian, a narrow strait with a deceptively large opening, and Themistocles sent one of his slaves as a fake defector to Xerxes |
| Battle of Salamis #2 | to tell him that the Greeks were scared and infighting so that he had to attack before he realized how tight the strait was, and when the Persian ships had to retreat, Xerxes beheaded his captains |
| Artemisia | a valued soldier and advisor to Xerxes, despite being a woman, who told him to go home after burning Athens and Salamis; she was also the only soldier who the Greeks put a bounty on (10K in gold) because they were so aghast at a woman in power |
| Plataea | the last battle of the Third Persian Invasion, after Xerxes has already left because Mardonius needs to prove a point for some reason, but in fighting the Athenian army with a Spartan general, he died |
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